JX-1对雄性小鼠生殖细胞致突变作用的研究

本文采用小鼠精子试验和小鼠睾丸DNA合成抑制试验,检测了JX-1对雄性生殖细胞的致突变作用。实验结果表明JX-1对小鼠精子总数、精子活动率及精子畸形率均无统计学意义的增加,与小鼠睾丸DNA合成抑制试验阴性反应一致。作者认为JX-1对雄性生殖细胞为一种非诱变剂。     

乳腺积乳囊肿的诊断与治疗

本文报告乳腺积乳囊肿43例。讨论了发病原因及病理,特别提出局部肿块波动感试验阳性,A超检查显示液平段,试穿抽出乳汁,对诊断有肯定价值;治疗以手术切除为主,仅有7例穿刺抽吸乳汁得以治愈。     

Conditional estimation of sensitivity and specificity from a phase 2 biomarker study allowing early termination for futility

Development of a disease screening biomarker involves several phases. In phase 2 its sensitivity and specificity is compared with established thresholds for minimally acceptable performance. Since we anticipate that most candidate markers will not prove to be useful and availability of specimens and funding is limited, early termination of a study is appropriate, if accumulating data indicate that the marker is inadequate. Yet, for markers that complete phase 2, we seek estimates of sensitivity and specificity to proceed with the design of subsequent phase 3 studies. We suggest early stopping criteria and estimation procedures that adjust for bias caused by the early termination option. An important aspect of our approach is to focus on properties of estimates conditional on reaching full study enrollment. We propose the conditional‐UMVUE and contrast it with other estimates, including naïve estimators, the well‐studied unconditional‐UMVUE and the mean and median Whitehead‐adjusted estimators. The conditional‐UMVUE appears to be a very good choice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

39例慢性肾衰竭患者认知功能下降的调查

目的通过神经心理测试等手段,探讨慢性肾衰竭(CRF)患者的认知状态。方法对39例40～60岁临床确诊为慢性肾衰竭的患者进行神经心理测试及人格和情绪状况测查,并对认知状态进行整体评定及分析。结果慢性肾衰竭患者认知功能测验成绩均低于对照组,并与人格的"精神质"和"情绪性"、健康自评等心理因素有关。"精神质"和"情绪性"越强,健康自评越差,认知障碍就越严重。慢性肾衰竭患者的焦虑和抑郁程度比对照组严重。结论慢性肾衰竭患者存在着认知能力下降,且与躯体和心理因素有关,并且随着肾功能的恶化,这种表现更加明显。     

咳嗽变异型哮喘多项检测指标的Bayes判别分析

目的探讨咳嗽变异型哮喘（CVA）肺功能、气道弹性阻力、支气管激发试验、最大呼气峰流量（PEF）日内波动率[△PEFR（％）]、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞学以及血清IgE的变化特点及诊断意义。方法对22例CVA、20例慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）稳定期患者以及20名健康成年人进行最大呼气流量-容积曲线（MEFV曲线）、气道弹性阻力、支气管激发试验、[△PEFR（％）]、BALF细胞学分析以及血清IgE测定。结果（1）CVA患者呼气流量指标[PEF、一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、FEV，／FVC、最大呼气中段流量（MMEF）]与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CVA组气道弹性阻力增高，与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），但与COPD组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；（2）CVA组患者气道反应性明显增高，支气管激发试验阳性，Mch—PC20-FEV1明显降低、[APEFR（％）]增大（〉20％）、BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞明显增高、血清IgE明显增高与健康对照组及COPD组比较差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。结论气道弹性阻力、支气管激发试验、[APEFR（％）]、BALF细胞学以及血清IgE的测定有助于CVA的诊断且与COPD等的鉴别。根据Bayes判别结果，鉴别CVA与COPD的上述病因学指标作用大小依次为Mch—PC20-FEV1、JgE、[△PEFR（％）]、BALF嗜酸性粒细胞计数、FEV1／FVC、FEV1、PEF、MMEF和气道弹性阻力，其中主要为Mch—PC20-FEV1、IgE、[APEFR（％）]、BALF嗜酸性粒细胞计数。     

中美中学生对由父母原因引起的考试焦虑认知研究

目的：比较中国和美国的中学生对由父母原因引起的考试焦虑的认知情况。方法：采用“失败结果预期（FOE）”问卷中的由父母原因引起的考试焦虑12项，测量中美两国公立学校14、15岁的1215名中学生对考试焦虑原因的认知。结果：1．相似认知：两国学生在由父母原因引起的考试焦虑方面有类似的认知，包括父母会担心自己能否进入高一级学校、会让父母烦恼等。2．跨文化的差异：表现为中国学生更多是因为父母责备、辜负了父母期望或会让父母生气而导致考试焦虑；而美国学生更多是由于父母认为他们不能面对生活中的挑战而产生焦虑。3．性别差异：表现在美国的女中学生在7个项目上、中国的男中学生在2个项目上分别比本国异性有更大程度的焦虑（P〈0．05）。结论：中美中学生对由父母原因引起的考试焦虑方面有类似的认知，但存在文化差异和性别差异。     

Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos in sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritant contact dermatitis

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos (PoCo) on experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a repeated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation model. METHODS: The anti-irritative effect of PoCo was evaluated with a visual score and quantified by non-invasive bioengineering methods, namely chromametry and transepidermal water loss. Three concentrations of PoCo in base cream DAC (amphiphilic emollient; German pharmacopoeia) were tested in a 4-day repetitive irritation test using SLS. RESULTS: A statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed for PoCo by all three methods when applied in parallel to the induction period of ICD. Application of PoCo after induction of ICD once a day for 5 days, starting just at the end of 4 days, was without any effect. CONCLUSION: An anti-inflammatory efficacy of PoCo on the elicitation phase of the ICD induced by repeated SLS test could be observed and quantified by three independent, non-invasive biophysical assessment parameters. This effect can be explained by its influence on pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely phospholipase A2.     

Neuropsychological test for the detection of dementia in elderly individuals: the Nishimura Dementia Test

Background: Progression of the core and accessory symptoms of dementia can be slowed if drug therapies and psychosocial interventions are administered at an early stage. The aim of this study was to develop and standardize a neuropsychological test for the elderly that can detect dementia at an early stage with high sensitivity and can evaluate a wide range of severities of dementia based on assessments of various cognitive functions. Methods: A preliminary test consisting of 23 items and the Nishimura Mental State Scale for the Elderly (NM Scale), which evaluates the mental functions of elderly individuals by observing their actual behaviors in daily life, were administered to 448 elderly subjects. After applying Hayashi’s quantification theory type I to the results, we revised the preliminary test to construct a neuropsychological test for the elderly, which we named the Nishimura Dementia Test (ND Test), and standardized it. Then, we examined its validity and test–retest reliability. Results: Among the 448 subjects, there was a strong correlation between the ND Test scores and NM Scale scores. The ND Test showed a good general agreement rate for the discrimination of the severity of dementia, and good sensitivity and specificity of discrimination of dementia when compared with the actual NM Scale. Using different groups of elderly subjects, the ND Test showed validity and test–retest reliability, and the ND Test scores showed strong correlations with the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale scores and the Mini‐Mental State Examination scores. Conclusions: The ND Test is based on assessment of a variety of cognitive functions and can evaluate a wide range of severities of dementia with good validity and reliability.