清热利湿方防治兔胆色素结石形成的实验研究

目的动态观察清热利湿方对兔胆色素结石模型胆汁成分的影响。方法取健康家兔40只,随机分为对照组,细菌感染组,清热利湿中药大、小剂量组;造成胆色素结石模型,观察胆汁中总胆红素（TB）、游离胆红素（UCB）、总胆汁酸（TBA）、钙离子（Ca^2＋）、细菌性和内源性β-葡萄糖醛酸酶（B-Gase）活性的变化。结果清热利湿中药能明显降低胆汁中TB、UCB、Ca^2＋含量（P〈0．05）,增加胆汁中总胆汁酸含量（P〈0．05）,并能降低胆汁中细菌性和内源性β—Gase活性（P〈0．05）。结论清热利湿方具有很好的降低胆汁成石性的作用。     

Toxicologic evaluation of modified gum acacia: mutagenicity, acute and subchronic toxicity.

Modified gum acacia, produced from acacia gum by a process analogous to the production of modified food starch, was tested for mutagenicity in the microbial reverse mutation assay. The assay employed a wide range of dose levels, both with and without metabolic activation. Test results gave no indication that modified gum acacia possessed any mutagenic potential. The acute oral toxicity of modified gum acacia was determined in two studies employing Sprague-Dawley rats, and the LD50 values were found to be >2000 mg/kg. The primary dermal irritation potential of modified gum acacia was evaluated in rabbits by the Draize method. Test results indicated that modified gum acacia was slightly irritating by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classification but not a primary irritant by Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) guidelines. The subchronic toxicity of modified gum acacia was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing 0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% modified gum acacia for 13 weeks. No dose-related effects on survival, growth, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, or pathologic lesions were observed. Results of these studies indicate that modified gum acacia does not possess mutagenic potential and that animals are not adversely affected by acute or subchronic exposure to modified gum acacia.     

活血祛湿方对肝内胆汁淤积型大鼠血清学指标的影响

[目的]探讨活血祛湿方对ANIT诱导的肝内胆汁淤积型大鼠的疗效。[方法]将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、西药组和中药治疗组,每组各10只。模型组和正常对照组给予0.9%氯化钠注射液,西药组予以思美泰,中药组予以活血祛湿方,各组均日1次灌胃给药,给药时间从造模当天开始,7d后处死全部大鼠,观察各组的生化指标及LP-X。[结果]与模型组相比,中药治疗组TBIL、DBIL、TBA、ALT和ALP水平明显下降(P<0.05),LP-X含量明显减少(P<0.05)。[结论]活血祛湿方通过降低大鼠血清生化指标以及LP-X,减轻肝损伤,有效的治疗大鼠肝内胆汁淤积。     

One-year chronic toxicity of madder color in F344 rats – Induction of preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions in the kidney and liver

To evaluate chronic toxicity of madder color (MC), a natural food colorant extracted from the roots of Rubia tinctorum L., F344 rats were fed diet containing 0%, 0.2%, 1.0% or 5.0% MC for 53 weeks. Hematological changes including anemia and serum biochemical alterations indicating hepatotoxicity were demonstrated at 5.0% in both sexes. Relative weights of the liver were significantly increased from 1.0% in both sexes, and those of the kidney were significantly increased from 1.0% in males and from 0.2% in females. Histopathologically, atypical renal tubule hyperplasias were increased at 1.0% or higher in both sexes in association with increase of cell proliferative activity in the tubules. A renal cell adenoma was observed in a male rat receiving 5.0% MC. In addition, glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive liver cell foci were significantly increased at 5.0% in both sexes. These results indicate that MC has chronic toxicity targeting kidney, liver and blood cells. Moreover, the results strongly suggest that MC may have the carcinogenic potential in the kidney and the liver.     

槲皮素拮抗酒精性肝损伤中胆红素的介导效应

目的探讨槲皮素诱导Ⅰ型血红素氧合酶(heme Oxygenase-1,HO-1)及其代谢产物胆红素对肝细胞酒精性氧化损伤的保护效应。方法二步胶原酶灌注技术分离培养SD大鼠原代肝细胞,在孵以200 mmol乙醇建立酒精性肝细胞氧化损伤模型的同时,加入槲皮素(100μmol)、hemin(20μmol)等及不同剂量(2-100μmol)的胆红素干预24 h后,检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)及氧自由基(ROS)水平及培养基中总胆红素水平。结果槲皮素明显抑制了乙醇孵育后细胞MDA和ROS水平的升高,有效维持了细胞内GSH水平和SOD活力;加入外源性胆红素也显示出相同的保护效应,且具有一定的剂量依赖性;锌原卟啉IX(ZnPP-IX)则明显抑制了上述槲皮素的保护效应。结论槲皮素诱导HO-1对酒精所致大鼠原代肝细胞氧化损伤具有保护作用,其机制与HO-1的代谢产物之一胆红素有关。     

妊娠期糖尿病对新生儿黄疸的影响

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病与新生儿黄疸之间的相关性。方法:对上海交通大学附属第一人民医院2008年7月1日～12月31日妊娠期糖尿病母亲分娩的51例足月新生儿的黄疸情况进行回顾性分析,选取同期58例正常足月儿作为对照组。结果:①两组患儿的黄疸程度均呈现出随日龄增加而增高的趋势,住院期间两组患儿黄疸的峰值均出现于生后第3～5天,GDM组新生儿的黄疸峰值均数较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②GDM组新生儿生后24h、48h、72h、96h及120h的经皮胆红素测定值均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③GDM组新生儿中有5例需要光疗,光疗率为9.8%,对照组无光疗病例。④GDM组共有8例大于胎龄儿及43例适于胎龄儿,两者黄疸峰值比较,无统计学差异。结论:对妊娠期糖尿病孕母进行良好地管理,有效地控制其血糖水平,能显著地改善新生儿黄疸的情况。对妊娠期糖尿病母亲分娩的新生儿应进行黄疸的动态监测,以做到早发现、早干预。     

Rheum australe D. Don: a review of its botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Rheum australe D. Don (Polygonaceae) has been commonly used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, respiratory and skeletal systems as well as to infectious diseases.

Aim of the review

To provide the up-to-date information that is available on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Rheum australe. Additionally, to highlight the possible uses of this species to treat different diseases and to provide a basis for future research.

Materials and methods

The present review covers the literature available from 1980 to 2011. The information was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via a library and electronic search (Google Scholar, Web of Science and ScienceDirect).

Results

Ethnomedical uses of Rheum australe have been recorded from China, India, Nepal and Pakistan for 57 different types of ailments. The phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many secondary metabolites belonging to anthraquinones, stilbenes, anthrones, oxantrone ethers and esters, chromones, flavonoids, carbohydrate, lignans, phenols and sterols. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from Rheum australe show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective and immune-enhancing activities, as well as a usefulness for improving renal function.

Conclusion

Rheum australe has been widely used source of medicine for years without any adverse effects. Many studies have provided evidence for various traditional uses. However, there is a need for additional studies of the isolated compounds to validate the traditional uses in human models. The present review on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and toxicity has provided preliminary information for further studies and commercial exploitations of the plant.     

牛黄肛炎宁栓中胆红素和盐酸小檗碱的含量测定

 目的：建立牛黄肛炎宁栓的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定体外培育牛黄中胆红素的含量;采用双波长薄层扫描法测定黄连、黄柏中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果：胆红素在0.028～0.450μg·L_-1内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为97.9%(RSD=1.7%,n=5)。盐酸小檗碱在0.188～1.128μg内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999),平均回收率为97.4%(RSD=2.9%,n=5)结论：本法准确可靠,简便易行,可用于本品及含体外培育牛黄、黄连、黄柏等相关制剂的质量控制。     

降黄散熏蒸联合捏脊、推拿治疗湿热蕴蒸型新生儿病理性黄疸临床研究

目的:观察降黄散熏蒸联合捏脊、推拿治疗湿热蕴蒸型新生儿病理性黄疸的临床疗效。方法:将92例湿热蕴蒸型病理性黄疸患儿按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各46例。对照组给予蓝光照射治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加降黄散熏蒸联合捏脊、推拿治疗,2组均治疗5 d。对比2组临床疗效和治疗前后的血清总胆红素水平、免疫球蛋白(Ig)及T细胞亚群的变化,记录黄疸消退时间。结果:观察组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组血清总胆红素水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),观察组血清总胆红素水平比对照组下降更明显(P<0.05);观察组黄疸消退时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组血清IgA、IgG、IgM水平均较治疗前升高(P<0.05),观察组IgA、IgG、IgM水平均比对照组升高更明显(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组CD3^+、CD4^+、CD4^+/CD8^+值均较治疗前升高(P<0.05),观察组CD3^+、CD4^+、CD4^+/CD8^+值均比对照组升高更明显(P<0.05)。结论:降黄散熏蒸联合捏脊、推拿治疗湿热蕴蒸型新生儿病理性黄疸,可以有效降低患儿的血清总胆红素水平,缩短退黄时间,提高机体免疫功能。     

Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of the herbal formula Kai-Xin-San

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. It has been used in the treatment of diseases including neurasthenia, Alzheimer's disease and neurosis.

Aim of the study

To provide information on the potential toxicity of KXS, we evaluated the acute and subchronic toxicity in rodents.

Materials and methods

In acute study, a single administration of KXS was given orally to mice at doses ranging from 19.67 to 60.04 g/kg. In the sub-chronic oral toxicity study, KXS was administered to rats at 0, 1, 3 and 9 g/kg for 13 weeks. Moreover, 30 days of post treatment (withdrawal study) was conducted. Mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption, haematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings and organ weights were monitored during the study period.

Results

In the sub-chronic study in rats, daily oral administration of KXS at the dose of 9 g/kg/day result in significant increase in WBC, lymphocyte, alkaline phosphatase, blood sugar and significant decrease in bodyweight, serum Cre, CK and CHO at the last week of treatment. Recovery except for the body weight was observed after 30 days of post treatment.

Conclusions

KXS is relatively safe for oral medication. The LD₅₀ of KXS was over 32.59 g/kg for mice. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was considered to be 19.67 g/kg/day for rats.