关节镜直视下经皮空芯螺钉内固定联合张力带治疗髌骨骨折

目的 探讨关节镜下经皮空芯螺钉联合张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效.方法 将40例髌骨骨折患者随机分为两组,采用关节镜监视下经皮空芯螺钉联合张力带治疗髌骨骨折17例（治疗组）,采用常规开放性手术治疗髌骨骨折23例（对照组）,于术后1、3、6、9、12个月进行随访,评价膝关节功能情况,并进行统计学分析.结果 治疗组同对照组膝关节功能比较无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而治疗组同对照组在手术出血量、手术时间、住院时间的对比中有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 关节镜直视下经皮空芯螺钉内固定联合张力带治疗髌骨骨折创伤小、出血量小、复位准确、关节活动早、功能恢复快,比较容易被患者接受,是现代医学的潮流.     

Colonic polyps: Is it useful to characterize them with advanced endoscopy?

There have been major developments in endoscopic imaging techniques in recent years. Endoscopes with high definition and magnification can provide high quality images that allow for the histological estimation of lesions in vivo and in situ when combined with ancillary enhancement techniques such as chromoendoscopy (CE) and virtual CE (narrow band imaging fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy, or i-Scan). Despite the enormous potential for these advanced techniques, their value and feasibility in the clinic are still doubted, particularly in cases of colonic polyps that are slated for removal, where in vivo characterization may be deemed unnecessary. However, there are several advantages offered by such advanced endoscopic imaging. CE with or without magnification demonstrates highly accurate histology and invasion depth prediction, and virtual CE is a feasible and less cumbersome alternative to CE in terms of histological estimation, though not sufficiently accurate for depth invasion prediction. Furthermore, the supplementary information provided by advanced imaging systems can assist the endoscopist in the selection of a strategic approach, such as in deciding whether a colonic lesion should be resected, left in situ, or requires more intensive surgical treatment. Lastly, advanced high-resolution imaging techniques may be more cost effective, such that histopathology of low-risk lesions following resection can be eliminated. The results of these evaluations and comparisons with traditional CE are presented and discussed. Taken together, the benefits provided by these advanced capabilities justify their development, and advocates their use for the treatment and management of colonic polyps.     

Collagenous sprue diagnosed by double balloon endoscopy

Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) is useful for diagnosing many intestinal diseases and for endoscopic procedures. We report a case of chronic diarrhea in a 58‐year‐old Japanese man. He was initially suspected to have malabsorption syndrome. DBE showed reduction of folds, scalloping, mucosal nodularity and granularity. Pathological examinations of biopsies from the jejunum showed severe villous atrophy with subepithelial collagen bands. These findings led to the final diagnosis of collagenous sprue (CS). With1 month of total parenteral nutrition followed by a low‐gluten diet, his symptoms gradually improved. CS has never been reported before in Japan. DBE is useful for making a diagnosis of CS, and may be considered for patients who are suffering from diarrhea of unknown cause.     

The membrane characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum-infected and -uninfected heterozygous alpha(0)thalassaemic erythrocytes

The alpha thalassaemias are the commonest known human genetic disorders. Although they have almost certainly risen to their current frequencies through natural selection by malaria, the precise mechanism of malaria protection remains unknown. We have investigated the characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) from individuals heterozygous for alpha(0)thalassaemia (-/alphaalpha) from a range of perspectives. On the basis of the hypothesis that defects in membrane transport could be relevant to the mechanism of malaria protection, we investigated sodium and potassium transport and the activity of the Plamodium falciparum-induced choline channel but found no significant differences in -/alphaalpha RBCs. Using flow cytometry, we found that thalassaemic P. falciparum-infected RBCs (IRBCs) bound 44% more antibody from immune plasma than control IRBCs. This excess binding was abrogated by predigestion of IRBCs with trypsin but was not directed at the variant surface molecule PfEMP1. Furthermore, we found no evidence for altered cytoadhesion of alpha-thalassaemic IRBCs to the endothelial receptors intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD36 or thrombospondin. We hypothesize that altered red-cell membrane band 3 protein may be a target for enhanced antibody binding to alpha-thalassaemic IRBCs and could be involved in the mechanism of malaria protection.     

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 7 in myeloid disorders: loss of band 7q32 implies worst prognosis

Clinical and cytogenetic data were analysed in 54 patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemias (ANLL) or MDS (myelodysplastic syndromes) and deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q−), in order to determine if there is a commonly deleted region in 7q and to establish possible correlations between karyotypic features, such as karyotype pattern, karyotype complexity, associated anomalies, and/or the type of deleted segments, and outcome of patients with these disorders.
The median follow-up of our patients was 4 months (range 1–89), as was the median survival. In 30% of the cases there was a history of preceding MDS or previous chemotherapy. Clinical and cytogenetic remission was obtained in 7/36 patients treated with chemotherapy (CT). At the time of 7q− detection, three patients previously treated with CT for ANLL were in clinical remission. 5q− was the most recurrent associated abnormality. Complex karyotypes were observed in 68% of the cases. In univariate analysis, statistical differences in survival were observed according to diagnosis (therapy-related and secondary diseases had a worse prognosis than primary disorders), the chromosomal segments deleted (the loss of band 7q32 was of poor prognostic value), the karyotype complexity (patients with single anomalies did better than patients with complex anomalies) and the response to therapy (patients who achieved complete remission had a better survival probability). In multivariate analysis, the loss of band 7q32 was found to be significantly related to very poor prognosis. This finding suggests that band 7q32 may contain critical genes that should be explored at the molecular level.     

Clinicopathological study of myocardial infarction with normal or nearly normal extracardiac coronary arteries. Quantitative analysis of contraction band necrosis,coagulation necrosis,hemorrhage, and infarct size

Summary In order to clarify the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in hearts with normal coronary arteries, infarct size, and the extent of contraction band necrosis (CBN), coagulation necrosis, and hemorrhage were quantitatively examined using an image analyzer in 5 autopsy cases of MI with normal or nearly normal extracardiac coronary arteries. One patient died 40 h after acute MI. A second patient with acute MI due to severe spasm of segment 6, confirmed by cineangiography, died three days later. The third patient had already suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and died 10 h after the onset of acute MI. The fourth patient had aortic stenosis and regurgitation. She developed acute MI due to total occlusion of segment 6, confirmed by cineangiography 4 h after the onset, and died 61 days later. Autopsy revealed old anteroseptal MI with normal coronary arteries and valvular thrombi. The fifth patient had a malignancy, and died one day after the onset of acute MI. Autopsy revealed multiple occlusive thrombi in the small intramural coronary arteries of the left ventricular wall supplied by segment 14, without any stenosis in the feeding vessel. Most infarcts were localized in the territory supplied by 1 or 2 of the 3 epicardial coronary arteries, and coincided with the clinically diagnosed infarct site. The infarct size ranged from 3%–26% of the left ventricular wall, and infarcts were generally localized to the inner third of the wall (67±20%). Histological examination of the four patients with acute MI revealed diffuse CBN (86±14% of the infarcted area) and/or hemorrhage. The findings suggested that MI associated with normal coronary arteries was caused by transient coronary arterial occlusion due to spasm and/or thromboembolism, with the CBN seen in these hearts representing reperfusion injury.     

保留隔、壁束技术在法洛四联症手术矫正中的应用(附193例报告)

目的：探讨保留隔、壁束技术在法洛四联症手术矫正中的价值。方法：右室流出道纵切口，环形狭窄只切除狭窄环；管形狭窄或右室前壁极度肥厚者，将切口两侧心肌自前向后斜形切除修剪，完全保留隔、壁束和室上嵴。均行右室流出道加宽。结果术后早期死亡l例。余右／左室压比均在0．5以下，全部治愈出院，随访效果满意。结论：法洛四联症手术矫正保留隔、壁束技术，可有效的保护右心室功能、预防室缺残余漏、避免完全性右束支传导阻滞。     

The possible etiology of the vibratory systolic murmur

Between January and September 1985, 476 patients underwent two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. Left ventricular bands were noted in 104 of these individuals. Of these patients, 89 (85.6%) were referred for evaluation of a systolic murmur. In view of this high incidence of association between left ventricular bands and systolic murmurs, we decided to perform a prospective analysis on patients with the classical vibratory systolic murmur (Still's murmur) which is commonly found in children and young adults. The incidence of left ventricular bands would be compared with a group of individuals in whom no cardiac murmurs could be detected. It was hoped in this way to possibly determine whether there was a definite relationship between the vibratory systolic murmur and left ventricular bands. Echocardiographs were performed using an Advanced Technical Laboratories machine and gain settings were adjusted such that all artefacts and normal structures could easily be distinguished from the ventricular bands. The ventricular bands were divided into two types. Of significance, we felt, were those which crossed the left ventricular outflow tract and which could therefore have been responsible for the production of turbulence and thus a murmur reminiscent of the Still's murmur. This type of left ventricular band was noted in 76% of our patients with Still's murmurs as opposed to only 14% of the individuals without any murmur (p less than 0.001). This statistically significant difference led us to conclude that left ventricular bands might be the cause of the Still's murmur. Further investigation, particularly with Doppler studies would be required to confirm this interesting association.     

改良张力带内固定与钢丝环扎治疗髌骨骨折对比研究

目的：研究改良张力带内固定与钢丝环扎治疗髌骨骨折的疗效。方法：将98例患者回顾性分为观察组和对照组,每组各49例。前者给予改良张力带内固定术治疗,后者给予钢丝环扎内固定术治疗。结果：观察组总有效率98.0%对照组85.6%。观察组膝盖屈伸活动范围21°～40°者3例、41°～90°者19例、大于90°者27例;对照组小于20°者7例,40°者11例,90°者19例,大于90°者12例。两组患者均无不良反应和术后并发症。结论：改良张力带内固定术和钢丝环扎内固定术都能有效复位髌骨,满足治疗要求,但改良张力带力学性能优越,疗效更佳,疼痛指数更低。