Macromorphology and histology of intramuscular hemorrhages in cases of drowning

In a prospective autopsy series of 39 cases of fatal drowning, the detailed dissection of the skeletal muscles of the neck, anterior / posterior trunk and the upper extremities in layers revealed intramuscular hemorrhages of different size and shape in 20 cases (51.3 %). Light microscopy examination showed a premortal (vital/agonal) type of muscular alteration in 7 (50 %) out of 14 macroscopical hemorrhage-positive cases. These hemorrhages and histological muscle alterations are attributed to agonal convulsions, hypercontraction and overexertion of the affected muscle groups. As long as no cutaneous or subcutaneous hematomas above the hemorrhages can be found, these autopsy findings (with special reference to histology) can serve as an additional criterion concerning the differentiation of drowning and another cause of death. Received: 31 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 31 August 1998     

Detection of anterior horn lesions by MRI in central European tick-borne encephalomyelitis

We report a case of central European tick-borne encephalitis with cervical myelitis presenting clinically as a lower motor neuron syndrome of the upper limbs with proximal asymmetrical pareses and atrophies. There were no sensory deficits nor signs of lesions of the spinal pathways or signs of encephalitis or meningitis. The affected motor fibers of the upper limbs were electrically inexcitable, but sensory findings were normal. Electromyography of the paralyzed muscles revealed pathological denervation activity without voluntary activation. The initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large hyperdense lesion in the anterior part of the cervical cord from C3 to T1. Despite the fact that MRI changes disappeared completely within 6 weeks the patient showed only little improvement in the paralyzed muscles after 6 months. To our knowledge, these MRI changes in patients with tick-borne encephalitis, consistent with an isolated anterior horn lesion, have never been reported previously. The course may have been aggravated by an initial antibiotic treatment with cephalosporins. Received: 4 May 1999 Received in revised form: 22 July 1999 Accepted: 26 July 1999     

Autoimmune maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system

The genesis of immune privilege high in the evolutionary tree suggests that immune privilege is necessary, if not advantageous for the progressive development of the CNS. Upon reaching a certain degree of complexity, it seems as if the CNS was obliged to restrain the immune system from penetrating the blood-brain barrier. CNS autoimmunity against myelin proteins is known to be a contributory factor in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and in the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Wekerle, 1993). Such autoimmunity has therefore been regarded as detrimental and hence obviously undesirable. However, recent findings in our laboratory suggest that T-cell autoimmunity to CNS self-antigens (Moalem et al., 1999), if expressed at the right time and the right place, can do much good in the CNS. We shall review the experiments briefly, and then discuss their implications for our understanding of immune privilege and CNS maintenance after injury.     

Dendritic cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis

The mechanisms by which autoimmune diseases are triggered and by which the activation of autoreactive T cells is initiated and maintained are not yet fully understood. As the most potent antigen presenting cells (APC), and also being responsible for antigen transport as well as primary sensitisation of T cells, dendritic cells (DC) are capable of breaking the state of self-ignorance and inducing aggressive autoreactive T cells. In the development of autoimmune diseases, different types of DC exhibit distinct properties for inducing Th1/Th2 cell responses. Appropriate cytokines can convert immunogenic DC to tolerogenic DC. Utilizing the possibility to promote the tolerogenic effects of DC, a new therapeutic tool might soon become available to treat multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.     

Brain somatostatin: a candidate inhibitory role in seizures and epileptogenesis

Recent evidence shows that neuropeptide expression in the CNS is markedly affected by seizure activity, particularly in the limbic system. Changes in neuropeptides in specific neuronal populations depend on the type and intensity of seizures and on their chronic sequelae (i.e. neurodegeneration and spontaneous convulsions). This paper reviews the effects of seizures on somatostatin-containing neurons, somatostatin mRNA and immunoreactivity, the release of this peptide and its receptor subtypes in the CNS. Differences between kindling and status epilepticus in rats are emphasized and discussed in the light of an inhibitory role of somatostatin on hippocampal excitability. Pharmacological studies show that somatostatin affects electrophysiological properties of neurons, modulates classical neurotransmission and has anticonvulsant properties in experimental models of seizures. This peptidergic system may be an interesting target for pharmacological attempts to control pathological hyperactivity in neurons, thus providing new directions for the development of novel anticonvulsant treatments.     

锌激活体外培养大鼠成骨细胞肌醇磷脂信号转导系统

目的：　研究锌对体外培养大鼠成骨细胞肌醇磷脂信号转导系统的影响。方法：　从大鼠颅骨分离出成骨细胞,于 Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ Ｍ 培养基中进行传代培养。实验分为对照组、１０μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ、２５μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ 及５０μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋ 剂量组：分别测定了 Ｚｎ２ ＋ 对成骨细胞长期或短期作用后蛋白激酶 Ｃ（ Ｐ Ｋ Ｃ） 活性及三磷酸肌醇（ Ｉ Ｐ３） 含量的变化。根据被磷酸化多肽底物的量测定 Ｐ Ｋ Ｃ 活性,按照３ Ｈ ｍ ｙｏ 肌醇掺入及层析分离法测定 Ｉ Ｐ３ 含量。结果：　（１） 三个不同剂量的 Ｚｎ２ ＋ 作用于大鼠成骨细胞３ 天后, Ｉ Ｐ３ 含量及 Ｐ Ｋ Ｃ 活性均显著高于对照组;且随着 Ｚｎ２ ＋ 剂量的增加, Ｉ Ｐ３ 含量及 Ｐ Ｋ Ｃ 活性有相应增加的趋势;（２） 在短期实验中,２５μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋ 对成骨细胞的作用比较明显,仅作用１５ 分钟, Ｉ Ｐ３ 含量即明显提高,且在以后的各个作用时点均明显高于对照组,但时间效应曲线平坦;５０μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋ 组 Ｉ Ｐ３ 含量在各个时点略低于２５μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋组;１０μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋ 组略高于对照组。２５μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋ 、５０μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｚｎ２ ＋ 组 Ｐ Ｋ     

Office system interventions supporting primary care-based health behavior change counseling

CONTENT: This article reviews the literature on the effectiveness of office system interventions to improve behavior-change counseling in primary care. These instructions consist of two principle components: tools and teamwork. Tools have been developed to assist providers with health risk assessment (questionnaires, health risk appraisals), prompting and reminding (chart stickers, checklists, flow charts, reminder letters), and education (manuals and handbooks). Teamwork entails the coordination and delegation of tasks between providers and staff. CONCLUSIONS: A number of clinical trials, particularly in the area of smoking cessation, have demonstrated the effectiveness of tools and teamwork for increasing counseling rates and counseling effectiveness. Although no one type of tool or method of teamwork is consistently more effective than another-with effectiveness varying according to practice, provider, and patient characteristics-the use of different tools and teamwork approaches leads to additive improvements in counseling and patient behavior-change rates. More high-quality research is needed, particularly in the areas of health risk assessment and electronic reminder systems, to develop effective office interventions that can be readily implemented into a wide variety of primary care practices.     

医疗制度改革形势下中医医院的发展分析

笔者首先回顾了中医医院的发展历程。随后指出中医医院利用与产出效益较好,医疗费用低。但病床利用率低下,业务工作量下降,与此同时,中医医院还面临医疗保障制度改革、资产与西医院比的差距大、医疗体间竞争激烈、中医院内涵建设未跟上时代等的挑战。为此,中医医院发展的策略是加强医疗市场的宏观调控和微观运行的改善方可适应新的形势,求得发展。     

医保与医院信息管理系统接口软件的探讨

厦门医疗保险信息管理系统是以城域网为主干的大型计算机管理系统,已正常运转了两年。作为医疗保险定点医疗机构上网的有５１ 所,其中,全部三级医院和大部分二级医院已开发应用信息系统。因此,医保系统与医院系统的接口问题必须得到解决。接口软件必须达到３ 个要求：医疗消费数据的唯一性、医保系统的安全性、高效快速的性能。医保系统与医院系统的接口采用３ 种方案：无缝、数据扫描、数据包交换。通过这３ 种方案,较好地解决了接口问题     

统计软件平台结构研究

讨论了统计软件平台的概念,抽象描述了统计软件平台模型和统计软件平台体系结构,着重介绍了数据字典,统计分析和历史数据处理.采用层次支持的开放式软件结构,并综合统计事务中的各种统计需求设计统计软件平台,使实现的系统具有良好的动态可扩充性.中间件技术的应用使该平台能满足各种数据应用的特定需要.应用数据字典作为控制参数也使得该平台能够满足不同用户的统计要求.