Longitudinal pathway from violence exposure to firearm carriage among adolescents: The role of future expectation

IntroductionExposure to violence is a risk factor for firearm carriage. Youth exposed to violence also have difficulty envisioning positive future outcomes (e.g., educational outcomes), which can increase the likelihood of firearm carriage over time. Researchers, however, have not yet examined whether changes in exposure to violence over time can influence the developmental trajectories of firearm carriage. To address this gap, we (1) examined the longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage (grades 9 to 12) and then (2) examined whether changes in future expectations mediated this longitudinal association.MethodThe longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage through future expectations was examined among 850 adolescents from the Flint Adolescent Study. Participants were recruited from four high schools in a midwestern city in the United States. Parallel latent growth models and latent growth mediation models were estimated.ResultsA positive association was observed between the rate of change in exposure to violence and firearm carriage. Exposure to violence also indirectly increased the risk for firearm carriage over time by decreasing future expectation in the 9th grade.ConclusionsOur results support the idea that helping youth develop positive attitude about educational success may help reduce firearm carriage. Increasing positive expectations about future may help prevent firearm carriage within the context of violence exposure.     

Wellbeing,resilience, and coping: Are there differences between healthy older adults,adults with mild cognitive impairment,and adults with Alzheimer-type dementia?

The changes that occur with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease could affect psychological aspects unrelated to memory. The purpose of this study is to compare 32 healthy older adults, 31 amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) adults, and 32 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), in order to determine whether there are differences in their psychological wellbeing, resilience, and coping strategies. Unifactorial MANOVAS and ANOVAS were performed to analyze the between-group differences. The results reveal that the AD group showed lower levels of resilience and orientation toward problem-solving and greater use of religious strategies. In addition, they had significantly lower wellbeing scores than the other groups. The worsening of the pathology impedes the capacity for adaptation and resilience and the application of strategies oriented toward the problem, and it increases the application of strategies based on magical thinking. Moreover, it also produces a reduction in wellbeing.     

团体辅导对青少年复原力的作用

目的 探究团体辅导对青少年复原力干预效果.方法 16名学生,随机分成实验组(n=8)和对照组(n=8),实验组接受8次的团体辅导,比较干预前后青少年复原力量表评分并分析.结果 实验组后测在复原力、目标专注、情绪控制、积极认知、家庭支持和人际协助分别高于前测(t=-6.782,P＜0.03),也高于对照组(t=4.101,P＜0.03).结论 团体辅导可以提高复原力的水平.     

Resilience to Drinking Vulnerability in Women with Alcoholic Parents: The Moderating Effects of Dyadic Cohesion in Marital Communication

Data from a subsample of women (N = 4,235) in two waves of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) are used to examine the relationship between parental alcoholism and alcohol use in adult life. Dyadic cohesion in marital communication (frequency of interaction and agreement on substantive issues that affect couples) is investigated as a resilience factor that could potentially mitigate adverse drinking outcomes in adult children of alcoholics (ACAs). A moderated mediation model is estimated using a Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis. The results indicated that an imputed transmission of risk for drinking vulnerability in women AC As, controlling for nonACA status, was effectively moderated by positive dyadic interaction.     

Roots and routes to resilience and its role in psychotherapy: a selective,attachment-informed review

Developmental research on resilience is summarised and illustrated with a case example. Self-reflection, positive relationships, and agency foster resilience in the face of adversity. Attachment and resilience are related categories. The different patterns of attachment – secure, insecure-organised and insecure-disorganised – are manifest in different patterns of resilience, depending on prevailing environmental conditions. However, the greater the environmental adversity, the less will the resilience factors emerge. Clients tend to present for psychotherapy when resilience strategies have failed. The therapeutic relationship has neurochemical and relational characteristic mirroring the secure mother–infant bond. These foster mentalising, stress innoculation, affect co-regulation, self-esteem, and agency, forming the basis for enduring and more flexible resilience strategies.     

大学新生抑郁与行为抑制/激活系统及心理弹性的关系

目的 探讨大学新生抑郁与行为抑制/激活系统、心理弹性的关系,为抑郁干预提供参考依据.方法 采用分层随机抽样,利用贝克抑郁自评量表(Beck depression inventory-Ⅱ,BDI-Ⅱ)、行为抑制/行为激活系统(behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system,BIS/BAS)量表中文版、心理弹性量表中文版对某高校570名大一新生进行调查.结果 新生抑郁与BIS成正相关(r=0.22,P＜0.01);与心理弹性3个因素成负相关(r=-0.43～-0.35,P＜0.01).不同程度抑郁症状组的BIS及心理弹性3个因素相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).力量、BIS、乐观性可有效预测新生抑郁,总解释率为22％.结论 大学新生抑郁与BIS/BAS、心理弹性密切相关,高BIS和低心理弹性可有效预测抑郁.     

中国心理弹性思想探源

心理弹性(resilience)研究肇始于西方,考虑到心理弹性是一个兼具文化一般性和文化具体性的构念,中国的心理弹性研究亟待本土化。身处严重压力/逆境该如何应对,如何保持健康及积极发展?古老的中国哲学透露出深厚的生存智慧。从儒、道、释出发,尝试梳理、廓清中国心理弹性思想本质,探明中国心理弹性思想的内核及其由来。儒家强调自强进取,道家注重安时顺应,佛家主张超脱了悟。儒道释为中国人提供了逆境应对的进路指南,进取、顺应、超脱,是中国古代心理弹性思想的坚实内核,体现着中国人心理弹性的文化实质,是中国人面对压力/逆境时的应对能量基源。通览和梳理中国古代心理弹性思想,挖掘中国心理弹性思想的内核,对于推进心理弹性研究本土化进程不无裨益。     

The Protective Role of Resilience in Attenuating Emotional Distress and Aggression Associated with Early-life Stress in Young Enlisted Military Service Candidates

Early life stress (ELS) may induce long-lasting psychological complications in adulthood. The protective role of resilience against the development of psychopathology is also important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among ELS, resilience, depression, anxiety, and aggression in young adults. Four hundred sixty-one army inductees gave written informed consent and participated in this study. We assessed psychopathology using the Korea Military Personality Test, ELS using the Childhood Abuse Experience Scale, and resilience with the resilience scale. Analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for statistical analyses. The regression model explained 35.8%, 41.0%, and 23.3% of the total variance in the depression, anxiety, and aggression indices, respectively. We can find that even though ELS experience is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and aggression, resilience may have significant attenuating effect against the ELS effect on severity of these psychopathologies. Emotion regulation showed the most beneficial effect among resilience factors on reducing severity of psychopathologies. To improve mental health for young adults, ELS assessment and resilience enhancement program should be considered.