Does the amount of exercising muscle alter the aerobic demand of dynamic exercise?

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the aerobic demand for production of specified power outputs is altered by distribution of work between the arms and legs compared with when all the work is performed by the legs. Because of the important exercise training implications, a secondary purpose of this study was to determine if the exercising muscle mass affects the cardiorespiratory demands at specified rating of perceived exertion (RPE) levels and blood lactate concentrations. Nine healthy adults completed leg cycling and combined arm and leg exercise on an Airdyne using a discontinuous protocol. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that oxygen uptake for the combined arm and leg exercise averaged 0.04 l·min⁻¹ greater (p<0.05) than for leg cycling at the same external power outputs. However, RPE levels at specified power outputs were lower (p<0.05) with combined arm and leg exercise than leg cycling. At specified RPE levels and blood lactate concentrations, oxygen uptake and heart rate values were higher (p<0.05) for combined arm and leg exercise than leg cycling. From these findings we conclude that: (1) the addition of arm exercise to leg cycling results in a reduction in RPE, but a minimal increase in oxygen consumption to perform a given power output, and (2) if training intensity is established by RPE or blood lactate concentration, use of a muscle mass larger than that used in leg cycling should allow a greater cardiorespiratory training effect.     

Griffith精神发育量表在山西0-7岁儿童中的修订

目的:修订Griffith精神发育量表(0～7岁),并建立适合中国国情的常模。方法:采用对城市级别、年龄、性别、父亲职业等因素按比例分层随机抽样的方法,从山西省十二个城市共抽取了2022例0～7岁儿童,样本人群中上述几个因素的构成与山西省人口资料相吻合,由经过专门培训的测试员对抽样点当地的每个儿童进行单独测试,并填写测查量表。结果:年龄分组样本和总样本各分测验以及总发育商的均数都在100上下浮动,总发育商服从正态分布;项目分析显示,各分测验及总量表平均难度在0.5左右,鉴别指数0.62～0.78;对原量表个别项目的排序进行调整;测试者信度0.953,重测信度0.798～0.948,各分测验之间及分测验与总发育商之间相关系数在0.481～0.854之间,探索性因素分析的结果得到思维推理、知觉组织、意动因子三个因素,解释方差比率总计79.8%。结论:引进和修订后的Griffith量表具有较好的信度和效度,可用于评定儿童的智力水平,可以在山西省应用。     

Effect of arm-shoulder fatigue on carpenters at work

Summary The purpose of the study was to analyse the effect of arm-shoulder fatigue on manual performance. Ten experienced carpenters performed three standardized tasks (nailing, sawing and screwing). Electromyographic activity was recorded from six arm-shoulder muscles and the performances were video-filmed. After 45 min of standardized arm-cranking (arm-shoulder-fatiguing exercise of approximately 70%–80% maximal oxygen consumption), the tasks were repeated. The number of work movements and the time taken for each task were recorded and the quality of the work performed was compared. After the fatiguing exercise, only nailing was perceived as being harder and more mistakes were made during nailing and sawing. Movement performance was not influenced during nailing but was slightly slower during sawing and faster during screwing. However, there were increased mean EMG amplitudes in the upper trapezius and biceps muscles during nailing, in the upper trapezius, anterior deltoid and infraspinatus muscles during sawing and in the anterior deltoid muscle during screwing. Of the muscles studied the upper trapezius and anterior deltoid muscles increased their activity most after the arm-shoulder-fatiguing exercise.     

A Negative Symptom Rating Scale

Renewed interest in the role of negative symptoms in "defect state" schizophrenia calls for the design of a standardized, easy to use, reliable, and valid instrument to assess these aspects of psychopathology. In order to measure negative symptoms, we developed the Negative Symptom Rating Scale (NSRS). We report on the design, interrater reliability, and construct-validation of NSRS against the most frequently used negative symptom scales or subscales. In summary, the NSRS is a short, sensitive, highly specific, reliable, and apparently valid instrument for measuring negative symptoms in schizophrenia.     

基于欧洲五维健康量表的深圳市中老年社区居民生命质量现状及影响因素研究

目的 运用欧洲五维健康量表(European quality of life　5-dimensions,EQ-5D)研究深圳市坪山区中老年人健康相关生命质量(health-related quality of life,HRQOL)及其影响因素。 方法 对研究对象进行问卷调查,采用多重线性回归分析HRQOL的影响因素。 结果 共纳入942名中老年社区居民,回收有效问卷932份,EQ-5D指数和EQ-VAS得分分别为(0.81±0.06)和(77.49±13.93)。多重线性回归分析结果显示,自身或一级亲属未患慢性病、男性、参加体育锻炼、饮食习惯未改变、年龄≥70岁、脑力劳动、每日睡眠时间≥6 h者EQ-5D指数较高,β分别为-0.019、-0.011、0.010、0.014、-0.015、-0.016、0.014和0.011;自身未患慢性疾病、参加体育锻炼、有饮茶史、饮食习惯未改变、每日睡眠时间≥8 h、城镇居民基本医疗保险者EQ-VAS得分较高,β分别为-6.199、3.533、2.600、-2.898、2.578、2.909,P均<0.05。 结论 深圳市坪山区中老年人的HRQOL总体较好,应对患慢性病、女性、不参加体育锻炼、不饮茶、饮食习惯已发生改变、年龄超过70岁、从事体力劳动和睡眠时间小于6 h的中老年人给予更多的关注和照料,以提高中老年人的HRQOL。     

Understanding what people think and feel about adult vaccinations and the associated barriers in Greece: Development and validation of the attitude towards adult vaccination (ATAVAC) scale

Despite the unequivocal value of vaccination in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases, the anti-vaccination movement thrives. The vast majority of the existing validated tools explore attitudes regarding vaccination in children. The aim of our study was to develop and validate a scale assessing attitudes towards adult immunisation. This national cross-sectional study included adult healthcare users who visited 23 Greek Primary Healthcare Units. The development of the scale was the result of literature review, semi-structured interviews and pilot testing of its preliminary versions. The initial version contained 15 items measuring respondents’ attitudes on a 6-point Likert scale. The sample was randomly split into two halves. Exploratory factor analysis, performed in the first sample, was used for the creation of multi-item scales; confirmatory factor analysis was used in the second sample to assess goodness of fit. Moreover, concurrent validity, internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability and ceiling and floor effects were explored. The total sample consisted of 1,571 individuals. Overall ‘Cronbach's alpha’ (0.821) indicated good internal consistency. The initial exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor model. The subsequent confirmatory factor analysis indicated that an 11-item version of the scale provided the best fit of the model to the data (RMSEA = 0.050, SRMR = 0.053, TLI = 0.937, CFI = 0.955, AIC = 24,999.949). All subscales (‘value of adult vaccination’, ‘safety concerns’ and ‘perceived barriers’) demonstrated strong concurrent associations with participants’ attitudes and behaviour regarding vaccination (p < .001). No ceiling or floor effects were noted for any of the subscales (0.13%, 2.61% and 0.51%; 0.13%, 0.57% and 0.45% respectively). The 11-item ATAVAC scale proved to be a reliable and valid tool, suitable for assessing attitudes towards adult vaccination.     

博乐欣与阿米替林治疗抑郁障碍对照观察

目的：探讨博乐欣与阿米替林对抑郁障碍的疗效及副反应。方法：对５０例抑郁障碍患者应用博乐欣（２５例）与阿米替林（２５例）进行对照治疗,疗程６周。     

A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia

A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia was developed, consisting of nearly all signs seen by two groups of investigators over a 5-year period. Thirty-four items were included in the scale with a possibility of writing in idiosyncratic signs. The scale was shown to have good reliability and validity in studies carried out by both the New York and Boston groups. It is recommended as a suitable instrument for describing the breadth of tardive dyskinesia syndrome and also for quantifying the disorder. A second scale, the abbreviated dyskinesia scale, contains 13 items which are more global than the items in the original scale. It also has been shown to be both reliable and valid. Its use is suited to situations requiring less extensively detailed assessments.     

炮山甲内掺假的鉴别

目的防止掺假炮山甲进入临床使用.方法在入库前验收时,把完整的和打碎的炮山甲分别用鼻闻、手摸、眼看、口尝等传统方法进行鉴别,发现有可疑的再用理化方法进行氯化物、钠盐、硫酸盐、铝盐、钾盐、苯甲酸、谷氨酸的鉴别反应作进一步鉴别,以确定掺假物性质.结果目前发现不法商贩把食盐、芒硝、明矾、苯甲酸钠、味精掺入炮穿山甲内,以增加重量.结论掺假炮山甲单凭传统性状鉴别较难判定,需结合理化方法识别炮山甲是否掺假和掺假物类别.     

浅谈绩效考评工具

绩效考评工具在整个人力资源管理与考评系统中处于核心地位。科学的绩效考评工具应具有工作分析、考评工具的信度、效度3个必要的、不可缺的基本特征。绩效考评工具主要包括特征导向、结果导向和行为导向3种。开发绩效考评工具应针对企事业单位的实际情况；针对不同领域、不同层次的员工开发出以工作分析为基础、信度和效度良好、实用性强的绩效考评工具，从而发挥绩效考评的作用；对员工的工作进行开发和指导，以提高员工的业绩和对工作的成就感、满意度。