过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ在牙龈卟啉单胞菌刺激血管内皮细胞氧化应激中的作用

目的:明确牙龈卟啉单胞菌( Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. gingivalis)刺激人血管内皮细胞时造成氧化应激的损伤程度,探索过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体( peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, PPAR)γ在此过程的作用. 方法:研究设4组,对照组为人血管内皮细胞系EA. hy926(美国标准生物品收藏中心,美国)加培养基,P. gin-givalis刺激组为P. gingivalis W83刺激EA. hy926细胞,PPARγ激活组为加入PPARγ的激动剂15d-PGJ2 (10 μmol/L)的条件下P. gingivalis 刺激EA. hy926细胞,PPARγ抑制组为加入PPARγ的拮抗剂GW9662(10 μmol/L)的条件下P. gingivalis 刺激EA. hy926细胞,在0、0. 5、1、1. 5、2、4、8、12 h分别留取细胞培养上清液,通过酶联免疫吸附实验检测不同组各时间点培养基中氧化应激产物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶( glutathione peroxidase ,GSH-PX)、丙二醛( ma-londialdehyde,MDA)浓度,利用荧光探针2 ' ,7 '-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯( 2 ' , 7 '-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, DCFH-DA)检测不同组各时间点细胞内活性氧( reactive oxygen species, ROS)量. 结果:在P. gingivalis刺激组,抗氧化应激的产物GSH-PX(5.56 ±0.97) μmol/L和MDA(0.84 ±0.18) nmol/L较对照组[GSH-PX(4.71 ±0.64) μmol/L, MDA(0.59 ±0.18)nmol/L]显著升高(P<0.05). GSH-PX和MDA水平在PPARγ激活组[GSH-PX(5.38 ±0.84)μmol/L, MDA(0.84 ±0.22) nmol/L]与抑制组[GSH-PX(5.37 ±0.76) μmol/L, MDA(0.85 ±0.14) nmol/L]显著高于对照组(P<0. 05). PPARγ激活组,GSH-PX水平在0. 5和8 h显著高于1. 5至4 h水平(P<0. 05),MDA水平各时间点差异无统计学意义. PPARγ抑制组,各时间点GSH-PX和MDA水平差异无统计学意义. P. gingivalis刺激组细胞内的活性氧水平显著高于对照组(10 108. 65 ± 1 805. 18 vs. 6 049. 06 ± 1 199. 19,P<0. 05),PPARγ激活组(7 120. 94 ± 1 447. 30)和PPARγ抑制组(6 727. 35 ± 1 483. 68)细胞内的活性氧水平与对照组差异无统计学意义. 结论:P. gingivalis刺激人血管内皮细胞可引起氧化应激反应,PPARγ参与调节此过程.     

替米沙坦诱导大鼠肝细胞自噬促进肝脏胆固醇代谢的机制研究

目的探讨替米沙坦诱导大鼠肝细胞自噬对肝脏胆固醇代谢的影响及作用机制。方法将肝脏原代细胞分为正常对照组(Con)、替米沙坦1μmol/L组(Tel 1组)、替米沙坦3μmol/L组(Tel 3组)、替米沙坦10μmol/L组(Tel 10组)、替米沙坦10μmol/L联合PPARγ抑制剂GW 9662组(Tel+G组)。Tel 1、Tel 3、Tel 10组分别按1、3、10μmol/L浓度加入替米沙坦,Tel+G组加入10μmol/L替米沙坦及PPARγ抑制剂GW9662,培养24 h。检测肝细胞胆固醇浓度,Western blot法检测微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC3)、自噬蛋白区域(Beclin-1)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、雷帕霉素靶分子(mTOR)表达水平。结果 Tel 3、Tel 10组胆固醇水平低于Con、Tel 1组(P<0.05)。Tel 1、Tel 3、Tel 10组LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值、Beclin-1蛋白水平依次升高(P<0.05)。与Con、Tel 1组比较,Tel 3、Tel 10组p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白比值升高(P<0.05),p-mTOR/mTOR蛋白比值降低(P<0.05)。与Tel 10组比较,Tel+G组胆固醇水平、p-mTOR/mTOR蛋白比值升高(P<0.05),LC3II/I比值、p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。结论替米沙坦可通过诱导大鼠肝细胞自噬影响肝脏细胞胆固醇代谢,其机制可能与激活AMPK/mTOR途径和上调PPARγ有关。     

Biliary diversion for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: improved liver morphology and bile acid profile

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is characterized by pruritus, intrahepatic cholestasis, low serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and characteristic "Byler bile" on electron microscopy. Many patients require liver transplantation, but partial external biliary diversion (PEBD) has shown therapeutic promise. However, the effect of PEBD on liver morphology and bile composition has not been evaluated. METHODS: We reviewed liver biopsy specimens from 3 children with low gamma-glutamyltransferase PFIC before and after PEBD. Follow-up liver biopsies were performed 9-60 months after PEBD. Light and electron microscopic features were scored blindly. Biliary bile acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry before and after PEBD in 1 patient and after PEBD in 2 patients. RESULTS: Following PEBD, all patients improved clinically. Preoperative biopsy specimens showed characteristic features of PFIC, including portal fibrosis, chronic inflammation, cholestasis, giant cell transformation, and central venous mural sclerosis. Ultrastructural findings included coarse, granular canalicular Byler bile, effaced canalicular microvilli, and proliferative pericanalicular microfilaments. Following diversion, histology showed almost complete resolution of cholestasis, portal fibrosis, and inflammation with resolution of ultrastructural abnormalities. Biliary bile acids before PEBD consisted predominantly of cholic acid. After PEBD, the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid increased significantly in 1 patient and was above the PFIC range in a second patient. CONCLUSIONS: The resolution of hepatic morphologic abnormalities following PEBD supports PEBD as an effective therapy for PFIC. The improved biliary bile acid composition suggests enhanced bile acid secretion after PEBD, perhaps by induction of alternative canalicular transport proteins.     

Cafestol preconditioning attenuates apoptosis and autophagy during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ERK/PPARγ pathway

ObjectiveThe study was aimed to explore the hepatocellular protective functions of cafestol during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and the possible mechanisms.MethodsNinety male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups, including normal control group, L-cafestol(20mg/kg) group, H-cafestol(40mg/kg) group, sham group, IR group, L-cafestol(20mg/kg) + IR group, H-cafestol(40mg/kg) + IR group. Serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST), inflammation mediators, proteins associated with apoptosis and autophagy, indicators linked with ERK/PPARγ pathway, and liver histopathology were measured using ELISA, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting at 2, 8, and 24 hours after reperfusion.ResultsOur findings confirmed that cafestol preconditioning groups could reduce the levels of ALT and AST, alleviate liver pathological damage, suppress the release of inflammation mediators, inhibit the production of pro-apoptosis protein including caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax, decrease the expression of autophagy-linked protein including Beclin-1 and LC3, increase anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2, and restrain the activation of ERK and PPARγ.ConclusionCafestol preconditioning could attenuate inflammatory response, apoptosis and autophagy on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by suppressing ERK/PPARγ pathway.     

β-catenin and PPAR-γ levels in bone marrow of myeloproliferative neoplasm: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

In accordance with increased proliferation in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), the goal is to evaluate the immunoexpression of: β-catenin, PPAR-γ and Ki67 protein, to compare them with bone marrow ultrastructural characteristics in patients with MPN. Immunoexpression and electron microscopy of bone marrow was analyzed in 30 Ph-negative MPN patients, including per 10 patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The quantity of β-catenin immunoreactive cells was significantly higher in PV then in ET (p < 0.01) or PMF group of patients (p < 0.01) and also in ET versus PMF group of patients (p < 0.01). Erythroid lineage showed absent β-catenin staining without immunoreactivity in nucleus. In contrast, immunoreactivity for PPAR-γ was localized mostly in megakaryocytes and the highest number of PPAR-γ immunopositive cells was detected in PMF group of patients. In addition, the proliferative Ki67 index was significantly increased in the PMF and PV patients compared to patients with ET. Also, the megakaryocytes showed abnormal maturation in PMF group of patients as determined by ultrastructural analysis. These results indicated that PV dominantly expressed β-catenin and proliferation marker Ki67 in bone marrow, while PMF is linked preferentially to PPAR-γ immunopositive megakaryocytes characterized by abnormal maturation.     

Effects of transmembrane region variability on cell surface expression and allorecognition of HLA-DP3

The functional relevance of polymorphisms outside the peptide binding groove of HLA molecules is poorly understood. Here we have addressed this issue by studying HLA-DP3, a common antigen relevant for functional matching algorithms of unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) encoded by two transmembrane (TM) region variants, DPB1^*03:01 and DPB1^*104:01. The two HLA-DP3 variants were found at a overall allelic frequency of 10.4% in 201 volunteer stem cell donors, at a ratio of 4.2:1. No significant differences were observed in cell surface expression levels of the two variants on B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL), primary B cells or monocytes. Three different alloreactive T cell lines or clones showed similar levels of activation marker CD107a and/or CD137 upregulation in response to HLA-DP3 encoded by DPB1^*03:01 and DPB1^*104:01, either endogenously on BLCL or after lentiveral-vector mediated transfer into the same cellular background. These data provide, for the first time, direct evidence for a limited functional role of a TM region polymorphism on expression and allorecognition of HLA-DP3 and are compatible with the notion that the two variants can be considered as a single functional entity for unrelated stem cell donor selection.     

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease immunoreactivity in germ cells of experimental varicocele-induced rat testes

Increased germ cell apoptosis is related to oxidative DNA damage; therefore, we investigated whether there was a significant change in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE) in varicoceles. Experimental varicoceles were created by partial ligation of the left renal vein of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 6 weeks after varicocele creation. Testicular tissues were sampled for TUNEL, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. There was a significant increase in apoptotic germ cells in the ipsilateral testes 6 weeks after varicocele creation. Increased activation of p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in the left testes was also noted. APE increased activation until 3 weeks after varicocele creation, and then decreased at 6 weeks after varicocele surgery. The spermatocytes were immunostained for both 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and APE, but the spermatogonia revealed only APE immunopositivity in the defective tubules. These results suggest that repression of APE is an underlying mechanism of augmented p53-dependent apoptosis in varicocele-induced rat testes and that remaining APE in the spermatogonia plays a decisive role in regaining testicular spermatogenic function after varicocelectomy.     

Differential Immunohistochemical Expression of Syndecan-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Colonic Mucosa of Patients with Crohn’s Disease

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in intestinal mucosa plays a key role in the inflammation characterizing Crohn’s disease (CD). Moreover, adhesion molecule syndecan-1 mediates the maintenance of mucosal integrity and supports tissue repair. Therefore, our aim in this study was to correlate simultaneous expression of TNFα and syndecan-1 in patients affected by CD. Biopsies from 10 patients with CD of large bowel and 10 subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (controls) were studied by immunohistochemical detection of both TNFα and syndecan-1 on successive serial sections. Overall labeling index (OLI) was indicated by the percentage of positive stromal (i.e., nonepithelial) cells/1000 counted in randomized fields, whereas selected labeling index (SLI) was represented by the simultaneous evaluation of both molecules in a same single selected field of each specimen. TNFα and syndecan-1 OLI were significantly higher in CD compared with controls, while SLI showed an inverse relationship between the molecules in CD which was not observed in controls. Epithelial syndecan-1 cytoplasmatic staining of superficial epithelium was associated with loss of basolateral staining in the crypts and high stromal TNFα in CD. In conclusion, TNFα and syndecan-1 expression is increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with CD. However, the expression of the two molecules is inversely related when a single field is considered, these data supporting the possibility of a downregulation exerted by TNFα.