一氧化碳保护大鼠肠道对抗LPS的作用机制

目的： 探讨外源性CO对LPS攻击时大鼠肠道的保护作用及作用机制。 方法： 血气分析监测大鼠呼吸参数，在1、3、6 h的时点上，分别对空白组、脂多糖组（LPS，5 mg/kg）、低浓度CO吸入组（CO 250 mL/M3）、腹腔内CO注射组（CO 2 mL/kg）、脂多糖CO吸入组（LPS 5 mg/kg+CO 250 mL/M3）和脂多糖血症CO腹腔内注射组（LPS 5 mg/kg+CO 2 mL/kg），用硫代巴比妥酸法（TBA）测定肠道丙二醛（MDA）含量，用羟胺法测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，并应用RT-PCR检测肠道组织内的血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）mRNA的变化。 结果: 给予250 mL/M3的CO持续吸入以及2 mL/kg的CO腹腔内注射，在1、3、6 h时点上，大鼠无缺氧情况的出现。两种方法给予外源性的CO，均降低了内毒素血症时大鼠肠道组织中的MDA含量，提高了SOD的活性，同时诱导了肠组织的HO-1 mRNA 的表达。 结论: 低浓度的CO吸入（250 mL/M3）和一次性腹腔内注射CO（2 mL/kg）补充对大鼠是安全的，补充低浓度或小剂量的外源性CO可以对脂多糖血症肠道提供保护作用，并可以刺激HO-1的产生，促进内源性的CO产生发挥抗炎作用。     

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in monolayer cultures of thyroid epithelial cells: TSH and inhibition of nitrogen oxide synthase affect the enzyme activity and the oxygen sensitivity of the histochemical assay

The objective was to investigate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in monolayer cultures of thyroid epithelial cells and to examine whether inhibition of nitric oxide synthase affects activity of G6PD or oxygen sensitivity of the assay. Primary cultures without TSH addition prior to experiments demonstrated a TSH-dependent increase in G6PD activity. G6PD activity was higher in F12 medium than in a serum-free physiological medium. Secondary cultures grown in F12 medium demonstrated a diminished activity of G6PD and a lack of response to TSH. In the serum-free physiological medium, G6PD activity was comparable to that found in primary cultures and a response to high concentrations of TSH was maintained. In primary cultures grown in F12 medium devoid of TSH, G6PD activity decreased dose-dependently when nitric oxide synthase activity was inhibited. The oxygen sensitivity of the assay was comparable to that reported previously in malignant cells and correlated with the activity of G6PD in primary cultures. We suggest that thyroid epithelial cells may be an appropriate system to investigate oxygen sensitivity of the G6PD assay as the cells demonstrate a reduced oxygen sensitivity which can be influenced by culture conditions.     

低氧对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞血红素加氧酶-1 mRNA 表达及细胞增殖的影响

探讨血红素加氧酶－1（HO－1）mRNA在低氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（PASMC0的表达及HO－1／一氧化碳（HO－1／CO）体系对PASMC增殖的影响。应用荧光定量RT－PCR法测定HO－1mRNA表达。用双波长法检测碳氧血红蛋白（HbCO)吸光值。应用免疫细胞化学方法检测细胞增殖核抗原（PCNA）及核转录因子－κB（NF-κB）的表达。发现HO－1 mRNA在常氧大鼠PASMC有低水平的表达，低氧12h HO-1mRNA水平是常氧时的1．5倍，且HbCO产量随之显著增高（P＜0．01）；低氧24h HO-1 mRNA表达呈回落趋势，HbCO产量亦有所减少，但两者仍高于常氧水平。低氧12h及24h PASMC PCNA核阳性反应颗粒表达较常氧时增强（P＜0．01，P＜0．001），使用HO抑制剂ZnPP-9，其PCNA该阳性反应颗粒表达较单纯低氧时增加更多（P＜0．001，P＜0．01）。低氧组核NF－κB阳性染色较常氧组增强（P＜0．001），使用ZnPP-9，其表达则比低氧时更多（P＜0．01）。低氧通过诱导大鼠PASMC的HO－1 mRNA基因表达，上调HO／CO体系活性，使内源性CO含量增高，抑制PASMC增殖；NF－κB参与了PASMC增殖的调控机制。     

Divergent regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and of erythropoietin gene expression in vivo

There is accumulating evidence from in vitro experiments that the gene expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is, like that of the erythropoietin (EPO) gene, regulated by the oxygen tension and by divalent cations such as cobalt. Since the information about the regulation of VEGF gene expression in vivo is rather scarce, this study aimed to examine the influence of hypoxia and of cobalt on VEGF gene expression in different rat organs and to compare it with that on EPO gene expression. To this end male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to carbon monoxide (0.1% CO), hypoxia (8% O₂ ) or to cobalt chloride (12 and 60 mg/kg s.c.) for 6 h. mRNA levels for VEGF- 188, -164, and -120 amino acid isoforms in lungs, hearts, kidneys and livers were semiquantitated by RNase protection. For these organs we found a rank order of VEGF mRNA abundance of lung >> heart > kidney = liver. EPO mRNA levels were semiquantitated in kidneys and livers. Hypoxia, CO and cobalt increased EPO mRNA levels 60-fold, 140-fold and 5-fold, respectively, in the kidneys, and 11-fold, 11-fold and 3-fold, respectively, in the livers. None of these manoeuvres caused significant changes of VEGF mRNA in lung, heart or kidneys. Only in the livers did hypoxia lead to a significant (50%) increase of VEGF mRNA. These findings suggest that, in contrast to the in vitro situation, the expression of the VEGF gene in normal rat tissues is rather insensitive to hypoxia. In consequence, the in vivo regulation of the VEGF and the EPO genes appear to differ substantially, suggesting that the regulation of the VEGF and EPO genes may not follow the same essential mechanisms in vivo. Received: 31 July 1995/Received after revision: 20 November 1995/Accepted: 27 November 1995     

CO对局灶性缺血脑组织血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的:研究一氧化碳及其限速酶(血红素氧合酶-1)对局灶性缺血脑组织血脑屏障通透性的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=6),使用血红素氧合酶诱导剂及抑制剂腹腔注射,用等量生理盐水腹腔注射作为对照组,12h后复制MCAO模型。梗塞后24h后检测血液中一氧化碳浓度、血脑屏障通透性。结果:诱导剂组一氧化碳浓度明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),血脑屏障通透性明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),而抑制剂组一氧化碳浓度明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),血脑屏障通透性明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。血红素氧合酶诱导剂、抑制剂对非梗塞侧的血脑屏障通透性没有影响(P＞0.05)。结论:一氧化碳作为一种信使分子,脑缺血时浓度升高具有保护血脑屏障的作用。     

Biomedical applications of tunable diode laser spectrometry: Correlation between breath carbon monoxide and low level blood carboxyhemoglobin saturation

Tunable diode laser spectrometry was used to measure breath carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in nonsmoking subjects. Corresponding blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) saturations between physiological levels and levels after 1 and 8 hours exposure to 9 ppm CO, the maximum permissible concentration in the air under federal regulations, were also determined. A good linear correlation between breath CO and blood COHb saturation for low levels representing ambient conditions was established, with a correlation coefficient better than 0.999 for the means and 0.945 for the individual data points. Similar studies on the other compounds of concern are also possible using tunable diode laser spectrometry, requiring only a breath sample and with no sample preparation. This technique will facilitate fast, noninvasive environmental health effect and biomedical studies.     

The direct effect of carbon monoxide on KCa channels in vascular smooth muscle cells

 The vasorelaxation induced by carbon monoxide (CO) has been demonstrated previously. Both a guanosine cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signalling pathway and cGMP-independent mechanisms have been proposed to be responsible for the vascular action of CO. A direct effect of CO on the activity of calcium-activated K (K_Ca) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in the present study. It was found that CO hyperpolarized single SMCs isolated from rat tail arteries. The whole-cell outward K⁺ channel currents in vascular SMCs, but not in neuroblastoma cells, were enhanced by CO. Extracellularly or intracellularly applied CO increased the open probability of single high-conductance K_Ca channels concentration-dependently without affecting the single channel conductance. Although it did not increase the resting level of intracellular free calcium concentration, CO significantly enhanced the calcium sensitivity of single K_Ca channels in SMCs. Furthermore, the effect of CO on K_Ca channels was not mediated by cGMP or guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins, G_i/G_o or G_s) in excised membrane patches. Our results suggest that the direct modulation of high-conductance K_Ca channels in vascular SMCs by CO may constitute a novel mechanism for the vascular effect of CO. Received: 9 January 1997 / Received after revision: 21 February 1997 / Accepted: 10 March 1997     

HO-1/CO径路在肺缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用

目的：探讨血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）/一氧化碳（CO）径路在肺缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用。 方法： 采用在体兔单肺原位缺血-再灌注模型。实验兔40只，随机均分为假手术对照（C）组、肺缺血-再灌注（I-R）组、肺缺血-再灌注加氯铁血红素(H)组和肺缺血-再灌注加锌原卟啉(Z)组。分别在缺血前、缺血后、再灌注1 h、2 h、3 h抽血，检测一氧化碳血红蛋白(COHb)浓度。实验结束时取肺组织检测湿干重比（W/D）、肺泡损伤率（IAR），观察肺组织超微结构的改变、HO-1的活力、表达部位及强度。 结果： 血浆COHb浓度，I-R组、H组明显高于C组，以H组为著（P<0.01）；H组、Z组显著高于、低于I-R组（P<0.01）。肺组织HO-1活力H组最高，其次是I-R组，Z组和C组最低（P<0.05和P<0.01）。I-R组、H组、Z组HO-1在肺血管内皮、部分血管平滑肌、外膜层及部分气道上皮均有阳性表达，明显高于C组，尤以H组最为明显（P<0.01）。W/D、IAR值，I-R组和Z组均明显高于C组，尤以Z组为著，H组虽较C组为高，但显著低于IR组和Z组（P<0.05和P<0.01）。肺组织形态学异常改变，以Z组为著，H组较轻。 结论： HO-1/CO径路对缺血-再灌注肺发挥积极的保护作用。     

The relationship between exposure duration,carboxyhemoglobin, blood glucose,pyruvate and lactate and the severity of intoxication in 39 cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in man

The relationship between exposure duration, COHb, blood glucose, pyruvate and lactate and the severity of intoxication was investigated in a group of 39 cases of acute CO poisoning treated in the Clinical Toxicology Center in ód, Poland.On the basis of clinical criteria the patients were classified into cases of mild, moderate, severe and very severe CO poisoning. COHb and carbohydrate metabolites were estimated in venous blood taken immediately after admission of the patient to hospital prior to treatment.The severity of intoxication did not correlate with blood COHb; variation in exposure duration seems to be responsible for this phenomenon. Severe and very severe poisonings were associated with longer exposures and were accompanied by a markedly higher blood lactate level, compared to mild and moderate cases. Blood pyruvate depended less than lactate on the severity of intoxication. Blood glucose depended neither on exposure duration nor on the severity of intoxication.Among the carbohydrate metabolic parameters studied, blood lactate determination can be helpful in the evaluation of the severity of CO poisoning in man.