氨基糖苷类等抗菌药物的个体化治疗应用

合理使用抗菌药物不仅能有力保护人类珍贵的药物资源，而且可促进感染病患者的规范诊治与健康。患者之间、病原菌之间、感染病之间及抗菌药物之间均存在明显差异，抗菌药物个体化治疗是合理用药的必由之路，关注感染病诊治中的人体、病原体、疾病与药物是个体化治疗的关键，值得临床高度重视。     

Immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma: Metastatic disease and beyond

For advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinomas (UCs), platinum (preferably cisplatin)‐based chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for many years. However, many patients are ineligible for cisplatin‐based chemotherapy because of poor performance status and/or other age‐related conditions. At the other end of the spectrum, patients with localized non‐muscle–invasive bladder cancer who are unresponsive to intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) treatment often face radical cystectomy as the only option. In recent years, the application of immunotherapy in the form of immune‐checkpoint inhibitors has provided viable alternatives in the second‐line postplatinum and first‐line cisplatin‐ineligible settings. Recent and ongoing clinical trials are also assessing the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy for neoadjuvant and adjuvant uses before/after cystectomy, for BCG‐unresponsive cases, and for combination treatments that include the newer indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase‐1 inhibitors and/or BCG. This review summarizes recent developments in immunotherapy for UCs.     

肝内胆管癌新辅助治疗共识与争议

肝内胆管癌（ICC）恶性程度高，症状隐匿，早期症状不明显，由于缺乏有效的筛查，确诊时多处于进展期，大多失去手术切除机会。目前，根治性手术仍是惟一可以使病人获得长期生存的治疗方式，但存在切除率低、术后易复发等难题。新辅助治疗能缩小原有病灶及转移的淋巴结，提高R0切除率，对于无法切除的局部晚期ICC，新辅助治疗可使局部进展的ICC降期为可切除，也可改善肝移植病人的预后。但目前对ICC行新辅助治疗的潜在效用仍存在争议。     

健脾温肾软坚解毒方、康艾注射液联合低剂量化疗治疗老年脾肾两虚型晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的观察健脾温肾软坚解毒方、康艾注射液联合低剂量化疗对老年脾肾两虚型晚期非小细胞肺癌患者瘤灶、免疫功能及无进展生存期的影响。方法将80例老年脾肾两虚型晚期非小细胞肺癌患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例。对照组予常规剂量化疗,治疗组予健脾温肾软坚解毒方、康艾注射液联合低剂量化疗。化疗2个周期后,观察两组患者瘤灶、免疫功能的变化情况,随访患者的无进展生存期。结果①试验期间,对照组脱落2例,试验组无脱落,最终完成试验者78例,其中治疗组40例,对照组38例。②两组实体瘤疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③化疗1个周期与化疗前组内比较,两组血清NK、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);化疗2个周期与化疗前组内比较,治疗组血清CD8~+水平升高(P0.05),对照组血清NK、CD3~+、CD4~+水平降低(P0.05)。化疗1个周期后组间比较,治疗组血清CD3~+、CD4~+水平高于对照组(P0.05);化疗2个周期后组间比较,治疗组血清NK、CD3~+、CD4~+水平高于对照组(P0.05)。④两组患者中位无进展生存时间均为4.5个月,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论健脾温肾软坚解毒方、康艾注射液联合低剂量化疗能有效控制老年肺肾两虚型晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的瘤灶变化,并有利于稳定血清NK、CD3~+和CD4~+水平,保护患者的免疫功能。     

大承气汤足浴和足底穴位按摩护理干预改善肿瘤切除术后化疗引起便秘临床观察

目的观察大承气汤足浴和足底穴位按摩护理干预对改善肿瘤切除术引起便秘的效果。方法选择2017年1月—2018年1月收治的60例住院患者,进行肿瘤切除术后随机均分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予一般护理干预,观察组在对照组的基础上使用大承气汤足浴和足底穴位按摩辅助治疗,观察患者术后便秘情况的发生率和治疗效果,对数据进行统计分析。结果对照组和观察组患者的便秘发生率有显著差异(P<0.05),对照组和观察组患者的粪便性状有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论应用大承气汤足浴和足底穴位按摩护理干预可改善肿瘤切除术后引起的便秘情况,值得推广使用。     

紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗治疗卵巢癌的效果分析

目的探讨紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗治疗卵巢癌的效果分析。方法选自2018年5月-2019年5月132名符合入组以及排除标准的患者,随后研究人员将患者分为对照组以及研究组,分组应按照科学、合理、随机的标准,两组患者分别均有67例,对照组患者按照研究要求,接受卡铂化疗治疗,研究组患者按照研究要求,接受紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗治疗,两组患者分别接受不同的治疗,评估患者的临床效果,对比两组患者的观察指标,如:T细胞亚群、临床疗效。结果治疗后,CD8、CD4、CD3、CD4/CD8,研究组高于对照组;研究组中,CR+PR+SD人数多于对照组患者,且治疗总有效率高于对照组患者(P<0.05)。结论紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗治疗卵巢癌,能够提升患者自身的免疫功能,促进疾病的好转。     

扶正化痰固本方对早期非小细胞肺癌术后患者免疫功能的影响

目的:观察扶正化痰固本方运用于早期非小细胞肺癌术后的临床疗效及其对患者免疫功能的影响。方法:将70例早期非小细胞肺癌患者按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各35例。两组患者均接受肺癌切除术治疗,对照组术后3周开始接受MVP方案化疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用扶正化痰固本方治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效及治疗前后中医证候积分、卡氏评分(karnofsky performance status,KPS)及生活质量评分变化情况。检测两组患者治疗前后免疫功能指标、血清肿瘤标志物[癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原153(carbohydrate antigen 153,CA153)]水平。结果:观察组有效率为91.43%,对照组有效率为71.43%,两组患者有效率比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后中医证候积分低于本组治疗前,且观察组治疗后低于对照组治疗后,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后免疫功能指标检测结果低于本组治疗前,且观察组治疗后低于对照组治疗后,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后血清CEA、CA153水平低于治疗前,KPS评分、QLQ-C30评分均高于治疗前,且观察组治疗后血清CEA、CA153水平低于对照组,KPS评分、QLQ-C30评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组胃肠道反应及骨髓抑制发生率均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:扶正化痰固本方运用于早期肺癌术后,能够有效改善患者免疫功能,减轻毒副反应,提高患者生活质量。     

Response to chemoradiotherapy and lymph node involvement in locally advanced rectal cancer

AIM: To establish the association between lymph node involvement and the response to neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.METHODS: Data of 130 patients with mid and low locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by radical surgery over a 5-year period were reviewed. Tumor staging was done by endorectal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy was determined by T-downstaging and tumor regression grading (TRG). Pathologic complete response (pCR) is defined as the absence of tumor cells in the surgical specimen (ypT0N0). The varying degrees TRG were classified according to Mandard’s scoring system. The evaluation of the response is based on the comparison between previous clinico-radiological staging and the results of pathological evaluation. χ² and Spearman’s correlation tests were used for the comparison of variables.RESULTS: Pathologic complete response (pCR, ypT0N0, TRG1) was observed in 19 cases (14.6%), and other 18 (13.8%) had only very few residual malignant cells in the rectal wall (TRG2). T-downstaging was found in 63 (48.5%). Mean lymph node retrieval was 9.4 (range 0-38). In 37 cases (28.5%) more than 12 nodes were identified in the surgical specimen. Preoperative lymph node involvement was seen in 77 patients (59.2%), 71 N1 and 6 N2. Postoperative lymph node involvement was observed in 41 patients (31.5%), 29 N1 and 12 N2, while the remaining 89 were N0 (68.5%). In relation to ypT stage, we found nodal involvement of 9.4% in ypT0-1, 22.2% in ypT2 and 43.7% in ypT3-4. Of the 37 patients considered “responders” to neoadjuvant therapy (TRG1 and 2), there were only 4 N+ (10.8%) and the remainder N0 (89.2%). In the “non responders” group (TRG 3, 4 and 5), 37 cases were N+ (39.8%) and 56 (60.2%) were N0 (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer is associated with lymph node involvement.