长期不同负荷游泳运动对大鼠肥胖相关蛋白的影响

目的 :观察长期不同负荷的游泳运动对SD大鼠血清瘦素 (Leptin)水平及下丘脑Leptin和神经肽Y(NPY)水平的影响 ,为探讨运动控制体重的中枢机制提供依据。方法 :雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、4 5分钟游泳组、90分钟游泳组和 15 0分钟游泳组 ,进行 8周不同负荷游泳训练后测定大鼠血清leptin、下丘脑leptin及NPY水平。结果 :(1)与对照组比较各运动组大鼠体脂含量显著降低 ,但各运动组间无显著性差异。 (2 )各运动组大鼠血清leptin水平与对照组相比均无显著性差异 ,各运动组之间亦无显著性差异。 (3)与对照组相比 ,各运动组下丘脑leptin水平均有所升高 ,但均无显著性差异。各运动组间亦未见显著性差异。 (4)运动组大鼠较对照组下丘脑NPY水平均有所提高 ,但均无显著性意义 ,各运动组间亦无显著性差异。结论 :(1) 8周不同负荷游泳运动显著降低了大鼠的体脂含量 ,起到了控制体重的作用。 (2 )运动对健康大鼠肥胖相关蛋白无直接的、独立的影响。     

Ontogeny of neurotransmitter systems in the paracervical ganglion and uterine cervix of the rat

Background: The paracervical ganglia (PG) are components of the pelvic plexus that provides sensory and motor innervation to the reproductive system of the female rat. Several neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are present in neurons of the adult PG and in axons innervating the adult uterus and uterine cervix. The current study was undertaken to describe the onset of immunoreactivity of these neurotransmitters and neuropeptides during development. Methods: Female rats, ages E18 to P36, were prepared for immunohistochemistry for TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of noradrenergic neurons), NPY, or VIP as well as the histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results: All four markers were detected in neurons of the PG at E18. Changes in the appearance of these markers from E18 to P36 reflected previously described growth changes in the PG. Axons containing AChE, TH, NPY, or VIP were first detected within the cervix at E20. Immunopositive axons first appeared as thick, unbranched structures at the outermost portion of the cervical myometrium. Over time, these axon bundles ramified to form discrete varicose axons. The ingrowth was similar for axons containing each of the four markers. Conclusions: The relative density of each neuronal type in the PG was reflected in the density of axons containing the same marker in the cervix. Changes in neurotransmitter/neuropeptide staining of PG neurons or axons in the cervix were not observed as the animals approached puberty. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Distribution of nerve fibers during the development of palatine glands in rats

Background

Salivary gland maturation and function are modulated by the nervous system. Nevertheless, little is known about salivary gland innervation during development, particularly minor salivary glands. This study investigated the development of the innervation of the palatine glands of rat.

理气暖胃颗粒对肝胃不和挟寒型慢性浅表性胃炎患者CCK、NPY表达的影响

目的:观察理气暖胃颗粒治疗肝胃不和挟寒型CSG的临床疗效,并探讨可能的作用机制。方法:119例肝胃不和挟寒型CSG患者服用理气暖胃颗粒,1袋/次,3次/d,疗程为4周。观察治疗前、中、后症状及体征,同时检测治疗前后血清CCK、NPY水平。结果:理气暖胃颗粒治疗肝胃不和挟寒型CSG的总有效率为87.85%;治疗后患者血清CCK水平较治疗前有所下降(P0.05),NPY水平明显上升(P0.05)。结论:理气暖胃颗粒治疗肝胃不和挟寒型CSG疗效明显,其部分机制可能与降低血清CCK、升高NPY水平有关。     

NPY genes and AGC kinases define two key steps in auxin-mediated organogenesis in Arabidopsis

Auxin is an essential regulator of plant organogenesis. Most key genes in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling belong to gene families, making it difficult to conduct genetic analysis of auxin action in plant development. Herein we report the functional analysis of several members of 2 gene families (NPY/ENP/MAB4 genes and AGC kinases) in auxin-mediated organogenesis and their relationships with the YUC family of flavin monooxygenases that are essential for auxin biosynthesis. We show that 5 NPY genes (NPY1 to NPY5) and 4 AGC kinases (PID, PID2, WAG1, and WAG2) have distinct, yet overlapping, expression patterns. Disruption of NPY1 does not cause obvious defects in organogenesis, but npy1 npy3 npy5 triple mutants failed to make flower primordia, a phenotype that is also observed when AGC kinase PID is compromised. Inactivation of YUC1 and YUC4 in npy1 background also phenocopies npy1 npy3 npy5 and pid. Simultaneous disruption of PID and its 3 closest homologs (PID2, WAG1, and WAG2) completely abolishes the formation of cotyledons, which phenocopies npy1 pid double mutants and yuc1 yuc4 pid triple mutants. Our results demonstrate that NPY genes and AGC kinases define 2 key steps in a pathway that controls YUC-mediated organogenesis in Arabidopsis.     

New immunomodulatory role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Salmo salar leucocytes

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays different roles in mammals such as: regulate food intake, memory retention, cardiovascular functions, and anxiety. It has also been shown in the modulation of chemotaxis, T lymphocyte differentiation, and leukocyte migration. In fish, NPY expression and functions have been studied but its immunomodulatory role remains undescribed. This study confirmed the expression and synthesis of NPY in S. salar under inflammation, and validated a commercial antibody for NPY detection in teleost. Additionally, immunomodulatory effects of NPY were assayed in vitro and in vivo. Phagocytosis and superoxide anion production in leukocytes and SHK cells were induced under stimulation with a synthetic peptide. IL-8 mRNA was selectively and strongly induced in the spleen, head kidney, and isolated cells, after in vivo challenge with NPY. All together suggest that NPY is expressed in immune tissues and modulates the immune response in teleost fish.     

辛伐他汀对2型糖尿病肾病患者血浆神经肽Y的影响

目的研究辛伐他汀对2型糖尿病肾病患者血浆神经肽Y（NPY）的影响。方法将160例2型糖尿病肾病患者随机分为对照组和试验组;对照组给予基础降糖药或胰岛素治疗,试验组在基础降糖药或胰岛素治疗的基础上给予辛伐他汀治疗,观察比较两组的治疗效果及治疗前后血浆NPY水平变化。结果试验组患者的总有效率（78．25％）明显高于对照组（61．25％）,P〈0．05;两组患者治疗后尿白蛋白和血浆NPY含量均显著降低（P〈0．05）,且试验组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论辛伐他汀具有明显降低血浆NPY含量的作用,能改善2型糖尿病肾病患者的尿蛋白,有助于延缓肾病进展。     

Identification of putative crustacean neuropeptides using in silico analyses of publicly accessible expressed sequence tags

The development of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for crustacean cDNA libraries and their deposition in publicly accessible databases has generated a rich resource for peptide discovery in this commercially and ecologically important arthropod subphylum. Here, we have conducted in silico searches of these databases for unannotated ESTs encoding putative neuropeptide precursors using the BLAST program tblastn, and have predicted the mature forms of the peptides encoded by them. The primary strategy used was to query the database with known decapod prepro-hormone sequences or, in some instances, insect precursor protein sequences. For neuropeptides for which no prepro-hormones are known, the peptides themselves were used as queries. For those peptides expected to originate from a common precursor, the individual sequences were combined, with each peptide flanked by a dibasic processing site and, if amidated, a glycine residue. Using these approaches, 13 unannotated ESTs encoding putative neuropeptide precursors were found. For example, using the first strategy, putative Marsupenaeus japonicus prepro-hormones encoding B-type allatostatins, neuropeptide F (NPF), and orcokinins were identified. Similarly, several Homarus americanus ESTs encoding putative orcokinin precursors were found. In addition to the decapod prepro-hormones, ESTs putatively encoding a NPF isoform and a red pigment concentrating hormone-like peptide were identified from the cladoceran Daphnia magna, as was one EST putatively encoding multiple tachykinin-related peptides from the isopod Eurydice pulchra. Using the second strategy, we identified a Carcinus maenas EST encoding HIGSLYRamide, a peptide recently discovered via mass spectrometry from Cancer productus. Using mass spectral methods we confirmed that this peptide is also present in Carcinus maenas. Collectively over 50 novel crustacean peptides were predicted from the identified ESTs, providing a strong foundation for future investigations of the evolution, regulation and function of these and related molecules in this arthropod taxon.     

The biology of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) related to obesity,stress, anxiety,mood, and drug dependence

Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17 amino acid peptide that was deorphanized in 1995. The generation of specific agonists, antagonists and receptor deficient mice and rats has enabled progress in elucidating the biological functions of N/OFQ. Additionally, radio-imaging technologies have been advanced for investigation of this system in animals and humans. Together with traditional neurobehavioral techniques, these tools have been utilized to identify the biological significance of the N/OFQ system and its interacting partners. The present review focuses on the role of N/OFQ in the regulation of feeding, body weight homeostasis, stress, the stress-related psychiatric disorders of depression and anxiety, and in drug and alcohol dependence. Critical evaluation of the current scientific preclinical literature suggests that small molecule modulators of nociceptin opioid peptide receptors (NOP) might be useful in the treatment of diseases related to these biological functions. In particular, the literature data suggest that antagonism of NOP receptors will produce anti-obesity and antidepressant activities in humans. However, there are also contradictory data discussed. The current literature on the role of N/OFQ in anxiety and addiction, on the other hand points primarily to a role of agonist modulation being potentially therapeutic. Some drug-like molecules that function either as agonists or antagonists of NOP receptors have been optimized for human clinical study to test some of these hypotheses. The discovery of PET ligands for NOP receptors, combined with the pharmacological tools and burgeoning preclinical data set discussed here bodes well for a rapid advancement of clinical understanding and potential therapeutic benefit.