The polio vaccination story of Pakistan

BackgroundTo describe in chronological detail Pakistan’s decades long battle against poliovirus and evaluate the multiple factors impacting it.Main bodyPakistan’s fight is documented through various published research articles and reports on Pakistan’s progress in eradication of polio published by international agencies involved in elimination of poliovirus worldwide. The socioeconomic, religious, and political factors, violent religious militancy, conspiracy theories resulting in vaccine refusals are documented in detail emphasizing the ups and downs in the fight at different times since 1994 to present. Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only two countries in the world reporting cases caused by wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1) since 2017 and the only two countries that have never stopped the transmission of WPV1 Pakistan needs to work on a war footing to eliminate the disease. The need to act urgently is now being increasingly recognized by the Pakistani Government.ConclusionMany difficulties still remain. Pakistan has reached a critical stage in the fight against polio. The world will not accept any further delay or complacency as there is apprehension around the world that Pakistan may “export” polio to other countries and undermine the worldwide success in eradicating polio.     

Adolescent social withdrawal,parental psychological control,and parental knowledge across seven years: A developmental cascade model

IntroductionSocial withdrawal can be problematic for adolescents, increasing the risk of poor self-efficacy, self-esteem, and academic achievement, and increased levels of depression and anxiety. This prospective study follows students across adolescence, investigating links between social withdrawal and two types of parenting hypothesized to impact or be reactive to changes in social withdrawal.MethodsAdolescent social withdrawal and parenting were assessed across seven years in a U.S. sample, beginning when students were in 6th grade and ending in 12th grade. The sample consisted of 534 adolescents (260 girls and 274 boys, 82% Euro- and 16% African-American). Social withdrawal was assessed in four grades using at least two informants (teachers, mothers, and/or adolescents). Mothers' and fathers' psychological control and monitoring-related knowledge were assessed by adolescents at two time points. A developmental cascade analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling to assess how withdrawal and control-related parenting impact each other transactionally over time. Analyses included a test for gender differences in the model.ResultsThe cascade model revealed that, controlling for previous levels of social withdrawal and parenting, earlier social withdrawal positively predicted psychological control and negatively predicted monitoring knowledge, and earlier parental psychological control—but not monitoring knowledge—predicted later social withdrawal. No adolescent gender differences were identified in the associations between social withdrawal and parental knowledge.ConclusionsThis study offers insight into the mechanisms by which adolescents become more or less withdrawn over time, and suggests psychological control as a point of psychoeducation or intervention for parents.     

There are things that we know that we know,and there are things that we do not know we do not know: Confidence in decision-making

Metacognition, the ability to think about our own thoughts, is a fundamental component of our mental life and is involved in memory, learning, planning and decision-making. Here we focus on one aspect of metacognition, namely confidence in perceptual decisions. We review the literature in psychophysics, neuropsychology and neuroscience. Although still a very new field, several recent studies suggest there are specific brain circuits devoted to monitoring and reporting confidence, whereas others suggest that confidence information is encoded within decision-making circuits. We provide suggestions, based on interdisciplinary research, to disentangle these disparate results.     

智能静脉输液监控系统对改善儿科门诊输液室患者投诉及医疗纠纷的效果

目的：探讨智能静脉输液监控系统对减少儿科门诊输液室患者投诉及医疗纠纷情况实际效果。方法选取2013年12月~2014年10月于延安市人民医院儿科门诊就诊并在智能静脉输液监控系统输液室输液的学龄期患儿192例为智能监护组,同期在普通输液室输液的180例学龄期患儿为普通输液组。智能输液监控系统输液室,每个输液室设立10个监控点,对静脉输液实行全程监控管理。分析两组的投诉因素,比较两组的投诉及纠纷情况、患者满意度、不良反应以及护士工作效率。结果智能监护组的投诉率为7.81%,普通输液组的投诉率为25.56%,智能监护组明显低于普通输液组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。两组的医疗纠纷发生率分别为2.60%、8.89%;不良反应发生率分别为0.00%、2.22%,智能监护组的医疗纠纷发生率和不良反应发生率均明显低于普通输液组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05、P<0.01）。智能监护组的满意度评分为（9.25±1.25）分,普通输液组的满意度评分为（6.74±1.83）分,智能监护组明显高于普通输液组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。智能监护组护士输液操作时间为（5.6±2.1）min,输液室工作时间为（2.4±1.3）h,护士进出次数为（24.0±0.2）次/d;普通输液组的护士输液操作时间为（8.5±2.4）min,输液室工作时间为（6.5±1.8）h,护士进出次数为（74.0±0.1）次/d,智能监护组显著少于普通输液组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论智能静脉输液监控系统可显著减少患者投诉,改善医疗纠纷,减少不良反应发生,提高护理工作效率。     

我院306例药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的： 了解我院药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点及规律。 方法: 回顾性分析我院2013年收集的306例药品不良反应报告,对患者性别、年龄、给药途径、药物类别、ADR累及系统/器官和临床表现、分类情况、因果关系评价以及报告人员构成比等进行统计分析。结果:306例ADR报告中,51～60岁患者发生ADR例数构成比最高（20.26%）;给药途径以静脉滴注引起的ADR例数构成比最高（65.58%）;药品类别以抗菌药引起的ADR例数构成比最高（20.78%）;ADR累及系统以消化系统为主,占23.91%;医师报告的数量最多,占97.71%。结论: 我院应加强对ADR的监测和报告,促进临床合理用药,降低ADR风险,保障患者用药安全。     

Effectiveness of Reinduction and/or Dose Escalation of Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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Home-based record prevalence among children aged 12–23 months from 180 demographic and health surveys

BackgroundThere is currently a re-focus at the global level on the importance of the home-based record within vaccination service delivery as an important information resource but there are few reports of ever and current home-based record prevalence across countries.MethodsWe considered all Demographic and Health Surveys (starting with DHS round 3) conducted between 1993 and 2013 for which a final dataset was available in the public domain at the time of the analysis. Ever and current prevalence of home-based records for recording vaccination was estimated for children aged 12–23 months at the time of the survey through a secondary analysis of data from 180 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 67 countries derived from questions asked of women aged 15–49 years for their children on home-based record availability and retention. Ever home-based record prevalence is the proportion of children aged 12–23 months who have ever received a home-based record. Current home-based record prevalence is the proportion of children aged 12–23 months for whom a home-based record was available for viewing by the surveyor at the time of the survey.ResultsEstimated ever home-based record prevalence was ≥90% in 116 surveys from 52 countries and was <70% in 15 surveys from 7 countries. Estimated current home-based record prevalence was ≥80% in 31 surveys from 23 countries and was <50% in 51 surveys from 24 countries. Current home-based record prevalence was <80% as of the most recent survey during 2010–2013 for five (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Indonesia and Pakistan) of the ten countries with the largest birth cohorts globally. Among 34 countries that conducted three or more DHS, we observed improvements in both ever and current home-based record prevalence of >10% points in six countries. Current home-based record prevalence increased >10% points in six countries where the ever prevalence was maintained at ≥90% across the period of observation. And, no meaningful change was observed in estimated ever and current home-based record prevalence in 11 countries, five of which maintained ever prevalence ≥90% across the period of observation. High home-based record loss rates were observed in many countries.ConclusionsThe results here show that despite improvements in the availability, utilization and retention of home-based records for recording vaccination history in some countries, opportunities remain to change the mind-set in many national immunization programmes around the importance of the home-based record, particularly in countries with large birth cohorts. Immunization programmes are encouraged to monitor ever and current home-based record prevalence. Nationally representative household surveys collecting information on immunization coverage should include ever and current home-based record prevalence in the standard survey reports and tables to better enable programme managers to identify problems and target corrective action.     

The European I-MOVE Multicentre 2013–2014 Case-Control Study. Homogeneous moderate influenza vaccine effectiveness against A(H1N1)pdm09 and heterogenous results by country against A(H3N2)

BackgroundIn the first five I-MOVE (Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe) influenza seasons vaccine effectiveness (VE) results were relatively homogenous among participating study sites. In 2013–2014, we undertook a multicentre case-control study based on sentinel practitioner surveillance networks in six European Union (EU) countries to measure 2013–2014 influenza VE against medically-attended influenza-like illness (ILI) laboratory-confirmed as influenza. Influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses co-circulated during the season.MethodsPractitioners systematically selected ILI patients to swab within eight days of symptom onset.We compared cases (ILI positive to influenza A(H3N2) or A(H1N1)pdm09) to influenza negative patients. We calculated VE for the two influenza A subtypes and adjusted for potential confounders. We calculated heterogeneity between sites using the I² index and Cochrane's Q test. If the I² was <50%, we estimated pooled VE as (1 minus the OR) × 100 using a one-stage model with study site as a fixed effect. If the I² was >49% we used a two-stage random effects model.ResultsWe included in the A(H1N1)pdm09 analysis 531 cases and 1712 controls and in the A(H3N2) analysis 623 cases and 1920 controls. For A(H1N1)pdm09, the Q test (p = 0.695) and the I² index (0%) suggested no heterogeneity of adjusted VE between study sites. Using a one-stage model, the overall pooled adjusted VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 was 47.5% (95% CI: 16.4–67.0).For A(H3N2), the I² was 51.5% (p = 0.067). Using a two-stage model for the pooled analysis, the adjusted VE against A(H3N2) was 29.7 (95% CI: −34.4–63.2).ConclusionsThe results suggest a moderate 2013–2014 influenza VE against A(H1N1)pdm09 and a low VE against A(H3N2). The A(H3N2) estimates were heterogeneous among study sites. Larger sample sizes by study site are needed to prevent statistical heterogeneity, decrease variability and allow for two-stage pooled VE for all subgroup analyses.