医药类专业本科物理课程的设置及目标与定位探讨

目的：探讨物理课程在高等医药类专业教育中的作用与地位。方法：对全国部分城市不同类别医院从业医务工作者进行调查，综合国际医学教育标准和我国现实医学教育以及医疗服务行业状况进行分析。结果：探讨了我国高等医药类专业教育中物理课程的设置及目标与定位问题，给出了明确的课程定位与设置标准。结论：现代医学高等教育不应忽视或淡化物理课程在医学人才培养中素质教育和专业水平提高的积极作用与基础地位，在有限的学时空间内合理安排基础性内容和与专业素质培养相关的应用内容。     

The flexor function of the m. pronator teres in man: a quantitative electromyographic study

Summary The muscle pronator teres was studied by surface electromyography during elbow flexion in a horizontal plane. The forearm was in semi-pronation and movement was performed at various velocities. A quantitative comparison was made between pronator teres activity and two main elbow flexors, biceps brachii and brachioradialis.The mean timing of the onset of activity was constant: biceps brachii was activated first followed by pronator teres and brachioradialis, and the lower the velocity of flexion, the earlier was the onset of biceps brachii activity.There was a linear relationship between the integrated EMG from each muscle and the work done. However, this relationship was less exact for pronator teres and brachioradialis at low values of work, a finding which opens questions about the generality of this relationship and about the muscle equivalent concept.Pronator teres appears to participate in elbow flexion besides its role in pronation.Despite similar anatomical peculiarities, pronator teres does not behave in the same way as anconaeus or popliteus and, above all, it is not the sole muscle active in slow movement. Thus, all the stocky mucles lying close to an articulation do not behave in the same way.     

Analysis of fMRI data by blind separation of data in a tiny spatial domain into independent temporal component

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a promising tool for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series. In these studies, mostly assumed is a spatially independent component map of fMRI data (spatial ICA). In this paper, we assume that the temporal courses of the signal and noises are independent within a Tiny spatial domain (temporal ICA). Then with fast-ICA algorithm, spatially neighboring fMRI data were blindly separated into several temporal courses and were preassumed to be formed by a signal time course and several noise time courses where the signal has the largest correlation coefficient with the reference signal. The final functional imaging was completed for the signals obtained from each voxel. Simulations showed that compared with the spatial ICA method, the new temporal ICA method is more effective than the spatial ICA in detecting weak signal in a fMRI dataset. As background noise, the simulations include simulated Gaussian noise and fMRI data without stimulation. Finally, vivo fMRI tests showed that the excited areas evoked by a visual stimuli are mainly in the region of the primary visual cortex and that evoked by auditory stimuli are mainly in the region of the primary temporal cortex.     

Effects of spontaneously chosen crank rate variations on electromyographic responses in sub-maximal arm exercise in inexperienced subjects

The aim of the present study was to compare electromyographic responses during arm exercises with a crank rate chosen spontaneously (T_S) or set at 20% below or above (T_–20, T₊₂₀) the spontaneously chosen crank rate (SCCR). Ten male physical education students performed arm exercises with intensities ranging from 20% to 80% of maximal power. Muscular activity levels were analysed for the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles using integrated rectified surface electromyography (iEMG). All values were presented as the mean and standard deviation. During T_S, the sum of iEMG for the two muscles studied was significantly (P<0.05) lower than during T₊₂₀ for each power output. No significant differences were observed in iEMG values between T_S and T_–20. The hypothesis that SCCR relates to a minimisation of muscle activation during an upper body exercise was not confirmed. Variations superior or inferior to a 20% increase of the iEMG responses do not influence it. Moreover, the selection of crank rates depends on the power output and the SCCR increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing power output.     

人体寄生虫学网络课程的应用与评价

目的对郧阳医学院人体寄生虫学网络课程的教学效果进行评价。方法选取2005级临床医学一系和二系分别作为实验组和对照组，对照组的人体寄生虫学采用传统教学方法教学，实验组采用传统教学和本课题组构建的人体寄生虫学网络课程平台进行辅助教学。结果实验组学生的人体寄生虫学理论课程考试成绩和实验课程考试成绩明显优于对照组学生（P〈0．05）。结论人体寄生虫学网络课程能够显著提高教学效果，对突破传统面授教学的局限性和帮助学生网上学习具有重要意义。     

Infective endocarditis at a Hospital of the University of Kiel, 1958–1987

Summary The clinical courses of 214 patients with infective endocarditis treated between 1958 and 1987 at the First Medical Hospital of the University of Kiel (FRG) were analyzed retrospectively. A decrease in the incidence of endocarditis occurred during the 30-year observation period. The mean age of patients was 48 years, and men were more frequently affected than women. In the course of the investigation, a rise in isolated aortic valve disease was noted, whereas the number of patients with isolated involvement of the mitral valve and combined mitral-aortic valvular defects declined. Streptococci (57%) were the most frequent pathogens isolated; as opposed to their increase, the percentages ofStaphylococcus aureus and enterococci decreased. Otolaryngological, dentogenic and urogenital diseases were most frequently held to be responsible for the development of infective endocarditis. Prior cardiosurgical interventions became increasingly significant as a cause of the disease. In this connection, a rising percentage of endocarditis cases was linked with prosthetically replaced heart valves. Complications and concomitant symptoms of endocarditis included the development of heart failure, cerebral embolism and encephalitis, splenomegaly, and renal inflammation. Finally, the marked decrease in mortality contrasted with a simultaneous rise in the number of endocarditis cases achieving full recovery.     

Effects of a second bout of maximal eccentric exercise on muscle damage and electromyographic activity

This study examined whether a second bout of maximal eccentric exercise performed 3 days after the first exercise bout would produce further changes in muscle damage and electromyographic activity (EMG). Male students (n=26) were randomly assigned to experimental 70 (EX70; n=9), experimental 30 (EX30; n=8), and control (CON; n=9) groups. The initial exercise was 30 maximal voluntary isokinetic eccentric contractions (MAX1) on non-dominant elbow flexors at 60° s⁻¹ (1.05 rad s^-1). The EX70 and EX30 groups performed a second bout of 70 and 30 eccentric contractions (MAX2), respectively, 3 days after MAX1. Upper arm circumference , range of motion , strength, integrated EMG (IEMG), and mean power frequency (MPF) were measured before, immediately after, and once a day for 9 days after MAX1. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and muscle soreness were assessed before and for 9 days after MAX1. Total work, work per contraction, IEMG, and MPF were also recorded during MAX1 and MAX2. All indicators of muscle damage changed following MAX1 for each group (P<0.05), but no indicators of additional damage (P>0.05) were apparent after MAX2 for either the EX70 or EX30 groups. IEMG (P=0.03) and MPF (P=0.04) were lower for MAX2 compared with MAX1 for both the EX30 and EX70 groups. It is concluded that performing a second bout of eccentric exercise with damaged muscles 3 days after the initial bout does not produce further damage or retard recovery, even when the second bout of exercise is more strenuous. EMG findings were consistent with reduced activation of fast-twitch motor units during the second eccentric bout. These results may be interpreted as evidence of a neural protective mechanism. Electronic Publication     

SARS病人外周血T淋巴细胞的动态变化及其在发病进程和发病机理中的意义

目的 :通过研究严重急性呼吸综合征 (SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome,SARS)患者外周血免疫细胞的动态变化 ,探讨外周血免疫细胞在SARS发病进程中的意义 ,初步探讨SARS的发病机理 ,并为SARS的诊断和治疗提供有力的实验室依据。方法 :回顾性动态观察我院收治的已治愈SARS病例和SARS死亡病例外周血CD4 + 和CD8+ T淋巴细胞 ,评估外周血免疫细胞在SARS发病进程及预后中的作用。实验方法为流式细胞术检测和分析免疫细胞表面特异性荧光抗体标记 ,T细胞表面标志组合为CD3 CD8 CD4 5 CD4。结果 :所有治愈的SARS病人的CD4 + 和CD8+ T淋巴细胞都有不同程度的可逆性下降 ,而所有的死亡病例有不可逆性显著下降 ,直至死亡。T细胞下降程度和维持的时间与病情密切相关。普通型SARS病例最低CD4 + T淋巴细胞数为 30 5± 15 0cells μl(P <0 .0 0 1)、重型为 139± 6 9cells μl(P <0 .0 0 1) ,普通型SARS病例最低CD8+ T淋巴细胞数为 2 2 3± 89cells μl(P <0 .0 0 1)、重型为 171± 92cells μl(P <0 .0 0 1)。所有普通型病例和大部分重型病例T淋巴细胞恢复正常 ,个别重型病例低于正常或接近正常 ,恢复后普通型平均为 991± 2 86cells μl,重型平均为 5 4 5± 2 2 5cells μl。恢复时间有所不同 ,普通型平均为 17± 5天     

miR-216a-5p在HMGB1介导的表皮葡萄球菌感染致腹膜透析相关腹膜炎中的作用

 目的 探讨miR-216a-5p在高迁移率蛋白B1（HMGB1）介导的表皮葡萄球菌感染致小鼠腹膜透析相关腹膜炎（PDAP）中的作用及机制。方法 选取健康雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为对照组、感染组、感染+HMGB1抑制剂组,收集腹腔积液及腹膜组织分别进行白细胞计数、HE和免疫组织染色;Real-time PCR和Western Blot检测白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因素-α（TNF-α）、HMGB1、核转录因子-κB （NF-κB）和核转录因子抑制蛋白（I-κB）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;生信预测发现,miR-216a-5p可能与HMGB1结合,参与其诱导的PDAP的发生,并构建感染+miR-216a-5p mimics组小鼠,通过双荧光素酶报告基因检测验证miR-216a-5p和HMGB1的关系,采用Real-time PCR、Western Blot、免疫组织染色检测HMGB1的表达变化。结果 与对照组相比,感染组小鼠腹腔积液白细胞计数增多,炎性浸润明显,IL-1α、IL-6、TNF-α,以及HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白表达均升高（均P<0.05）;HMGB1抑制剂（甘草素）干预后,小鼠腹腔积液白细胞计数下降,炎性浸润改善,IL-1α、IL-6、TNF-α,以及HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白表达均下降（均P<0.05）。感染组小鼠NF-κB表达高于对照组,I-κB表达低于对照组;HMGB1抑制剂干预后NF-κB表达降低,I-κB表达升高（均P<0.05）。Real-time PCR结果证实,与对照组相比,miR-216a-5p的含量在感染组中显著减少;双荧光素酶报告基因检测提示,miR-216a-5p可直接作用于HMGB1的3’UTR区;与感染组相比,感染+miR-216a-5p mimics组小鼠中HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白表达均下降（均P<0.05）。结论 HMGB1在表皮葡萄球菌感染致小鼠PDAP中发挥重要作用,抑制HMGB1可改善小鼠炎症反应,miR-216a-5p可通过靶向HMGB1参与表皮葡萄球菌感染致PDAP的发生。     

Determinants and Consequences of Adolescent Fatherhood: A Longitudinal Study in Ethiopia,India, Peru,and Vietnam

PurposeAdolescent parenthood is a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the vast majority of the evidence has focused on adolescent motherhood. Little is known about adolescent fatherhood in LMICs. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of early fatherhood and its consequences on a range of outcomes among adolescent males.MethodsThis study used three waves of longitudinal data from the multicountry Young Lives cohort study, specifically following a sample of 1,779 adolescent boys at ages 15, 19, and 22 years in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Individual fixed effects models were conducted to investigate the sociodemographic determinants of adolescent fatherhood and the consequences of adolescent fatherhood on males' education, health, psychosocial well-being, and time use outcomes.ResultsThe results indicated that lower educational attainment, absence of the adolescent's mother and father from the home, larger household size, and poverty increased the likelihood of becoming an adolescent father by age 22 years. The results revealed that becoming an adolescent father was associated with a higher likelihood of school dropout, being overweight, smoking, greater internalizing problems, and less time spent on leisure activities and more time spent on caregiving responsibilities.ConclusionsHighlighting the experiences of young men as adolescent parents in LMICs, findings underscore the importance of prevention strategies to delay early parenthood for adolescent boys and multicomponent interventions to support young fathers and their unique health, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral needs.