维持性血液透析治疗糖尿病肾病的疗效观察

目的观察维持性血液透析治疗糖尿病肾病的方法与临床效果。方法回顾性分析本院2010年1月—2011年10月56例维持性血液透析治疗糖尿病肾病患者的临床资料。结果本组56例治疗过程中死亡9例,其中死于脑血管意外4例,心血管3例,感染1例,因患者失去治疗信心或经济等原因放弃治疗14例,仍维持性血液透析33例。治疗前后各项指标均有明显改善。结论在糖尿病肾病患者的临床治疗中,及早发现、及早进行维持性血液透析治疗,对于提高患者的临床治愈率,减少死亡率具有积极的影响。     

Hemodialysis Treatment in Patients with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy: An Epidemiological Study

Aim. To analyze hemodialysis (HD) treatment of patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) from five endemic villages in the South Morava Region of Serbia. Analyses of patterns of incidence may generate hypotheses about the underlying causes of BEN, and prevalence data provide information on the current and likely future burden on health services for managing BEN. Methods. A total of 143 end-stage kidney disease patients (ESKD) with BEN were admitted to the renal replacement program from 1974 to 2004: 121 to HD, 15 peritoneal dialysis, and 7 kidney transplantation. As a control group, 117 patients with other kidney disease (chronic pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, and ischemic nephropathy) admitted to HD at the time of BEN patients and matched by age and gender were studied. Results. Most of the BEN patients (93.4%) treated by HD were born from 1917 to 1941. The majority of patients (79.3%) started HD from 1977 to 1991 (period of 15 years). The mean age of BEN patients starting HD treatment was 49.1 years in the period from 1974 to 1978, and increased steadily in the following years, being 72.5 years in the last period of study (2004–2006) The mean survival time of BEN males was 4.70 (95% CI 3.66–5.75) and for females was 5.02 (95% CI 1.47–4.53). Difference between males and females was not statistically significant (log rank 0.14, p?=?0.7, P > 0.5). Mean survival times of 4.84 (95% CI 3.97–5.70) in BEN patients and 3.1 (95% CI 2.78–3.84) in other kidney disease patients were found. Difference between BEN patients and controls was statistically significant (log rank 8.38, p?=?0.0038, P < 0.01). Conclusion. The population of endemic villages around the South Morava River admitted to HD treatment after 1974 was exposed to environmental toxicant(s) from 1917 to 1941. The most intense effect of environmental exposure was in that period, with ESKD in patients in their forties. The exposure to environmental toxicants has diminished, so ESKD of BEN has become less frequent and manifested in the older age, mean 72.5 in the period from 2004 to 2006. Different type of exposure was registered in some other endemic regions in Serbia and abroad.     

营养干预对维持性血液透析患者营养不良的影响

目的　分析营养干预对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者营养不良发生率的影响。方法　选取本院MHD患者196例，应用随机数字表随机分为研究组和对照组，每组98例，研究组进行营养干预6个月，对照组自主饮食，观察并对比两组6个月后的营养不良发生率。结果　干预组和对照组基线情况一致，无论是年龄、生化指标还是营养不良发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05)。6个月后，尽管研究组营养不良率［35.7%（35/98）］较基线水平［33.7%(33/98)］略有增加，但是差异无统计学意义（P=0.764）；而对照组自主饮食6个月后营养不良率［59.2%(58/98)］显著增加，与基线相比差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）； 营养干预6个月后研究组营养不良发生率较对照组下降，差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。结论　对MHD患者进行营养干预6个月，可以明显降低营养不良的发生率，改善预后，但长期疗效有待于进一步研究。     

Perceptions of Home Dialysis Training and Experience Among US Nephrology Fellows

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Vitamins in dialysis: who,when and how much?

Despite the significant technical evolution of the blood purification methods, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients is still several times higher than that observed in the general population. Vitamins are playing a crucial role in multiple key metabolic pathways. Due to multiple factors, dialysis patients present very often hypo- or hypervitaminosis for a broad range of vitamins. Dialysis in the context of renal replacement therapy is associated with a non-physiological potassium-sparing dietetic regime. Additionally, there is a non-selective intradialytic loss of micro- and macronutrients, deranged intracellular kinetics and gastrointestinal malabsorption due to uratemia. Frequent treatment with antibiotics due to infections associated with the acquired uremia-related immunosuppression may derange the vitamin-producing intestinal microflora. Certain agents prescribed in the context of renal failure or other conditions may reduce the absorption of vitamins from the gastrointestinal tract. These factors may deplete a dialysis patient from vitamins, especially the ones with antioxidant activity that may be associated with cardioprotective properties. In other cases, vitamins metabolized and excreted by the kidneys may be accumulated and exert toxic effects. The scope of this paper is to describe the main issues on vitamin therapy in dialysis patients in view of the ever contradictory opinions and practices.     

The prevalence of anxiety and depression among end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis in Saudi Arabia

Depression commonly overlaps with uremic symptoms, but anxiety is less commonly studied among renal patients. The symptoms of medical illness, along with the psychological and social stresses that often accompany a debilitating chronic disease, are thought to produce deleterious psychological consequences. We sought to determine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression among Saudi dialysis patients in Makkah. A cross-sectional study of anxiety and depression among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in Makkah was conducted in November 2011. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen for anxiety and depression. Participants’ demographic data, possible stressors and past psychiatric history were obtained. All participants were Saudi ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis. According to HADS, 57 (21.1%) patients were probable cases of anxiety and 63 (23.3%) were probable cases of depression. Only 32 (11.3%) were diagnosed with depression or anxiety before ESRD onset. Age was a significant predictor of anxiety and depression diagnoses. Major family problems (p?=?0.001) were also a significant predictor of anxiety. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are prevalent among ESRD patients in Makkah, and anxiety can be predicted by family factors. Early detection, management and family support might improve clinical outcomes.