高位复杂性肛瘘的治疗进展

阐述了在治疗高位复杂性肛瘘方面的新方法和技术，介绍了改良的挂线术、保留括约肌的术式和封堵注入术的治疗方法和效果。改良的挂线引流术式仍是治疗高位复杂性肛瘘的主要方法；新近出现的保留括约肌的手术方法为减少肛门功能失禁、彻底治疗高位复杂性肛瘘提供了可能；封堵填充术因其操作简单、较好的治愈率等特点正成为非手术治疗的主要方法。     

Technical aspects of radiation therapy for anal cancer

Historically treated with surgery, current practice recommends anal carcinoma to be treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation. This review will examine the anatomy, modes of disease spread and recurrence, and evaluate the existing evidence for treatment options for these tumors. An in-depth examination of specific radiation therapy (RT) techniques—such as conventional 3D-conformal RT and intensity-modulated RT—will be discussed along with modern dose constraints. RT field arrangement, patient setup, and recommended gross and clinical target volume (CTV) contours will be considered. Areas in need of further investigation, such as the role in treatment for positron emission tomography (PET) will be explored.     

How common and frequent is heterosexual anal intercourse among South Africans? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Background : HIV is transmitted more effectively during anal intercourse (AI) than vaginal intercourse (VI). However, patterns of heterosexual AI practice and its contribution to South Africa's generalized epidemic remain unclear. We aimed to determine how common and frequent heterosexual AI is in South Africa. Methods : We searched for studies reporting the proportion practising heterosexual AI (prevalence) and/or the number of AI and unprotected AI (UAI) acts (frequency) in South Africa from 1990 to 2015. Stratified random‐effects meta‐analysis by sub‐groups was used to produce pooled estimates and assess the influence of participant and study characteristics on AI prevalence. We also estimated the fraction of all sex acts which were AI or UAI and compared condom use during VI and AI. Results : Of 41 included studies, 31 reported on AI prevalence and 14 on frequency, over various recall periods. AI prevalence was high across different recall periods for sexually active general‐risk populations (e.g. lifetime = 18.4% [95%CI:9.4–27.5%], three‐month = 20.3% [6.1–34.7%]), but tended to be even higher in higher‐risk populations such as STI patients and female sex workers (e.g. lifetime = 23.2% [0.0–47.4%], recall period not stated = 40.1% [36.2–44.0%]). Prevalence was higher in studies using more confidential interview methods. Among general and higher‐risk populations, 1.2–40.0% and 0.7–21.0% of all unprotected sex acts were UAI, respectively. AI acts were as likely to be condom protected as vaginal acts. Discussion : Reported heterosexual AI is common but variable among South Africans. Nationally and regionally representative sexual behaviour studies that use standardized recall periods and confidential interview methods, to aid comparison across studies and minimize reporting bias, are needed. Such data could be used to estimate the extent to which AI contributes to South Africa's HIV epidemic.     

A型肉毒素内括约肌侧方注射+病灶扇形小切口切扩引流术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ期肛裂的临床研究

目的评价A型肉毒素内括约肌侧方注射+病灶扇形小切口切扩引流术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ期肛裂的安全性和有效性,探索其手术操作步骤及要点,介绍一种治疗肛裂的新手术方式。方法采用随机、平行、对照的临床试验方法,将纳入病例随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组行A型肉毒素内括约肌侧方注射+病灶扇形小切口切扩引流术,对照组行肛裂切除扩创术加部分内括约肌侧方切断术。将2组安全性指标(包括肛门狭窄、肛门失禁、急性尿潴留、术后疼痛的发生及直肠肛管测压结果)和有效性指标(包括痊愈率、手术时间、切口创面愈合时间、切口愈合分级、切口愈合后瘢痕面积大小)进行比较。结果 2组均无肛门狭窄和急性尿潴留发生;对照组肛门失禁评分高于试验组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组术后(术后24 h、术后第1次排便及术后1周)疼痛评分明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。术前、术后直肠肛管测压结果 2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组痊愈率高于对照组(P<0.05),手术时间及切口创面愈合时间均明显短于对照组(P<0.01),切口愈合优于对照组(P<0.05),切口愈合后瘢痕面积小于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 A型肉毒素内括约肌侧方注射+病灶扇形小切口切扩引流术具有治愈率高、切口愈合时间短、切口愈合后瘢痕面积小、操作快捷、手术微创化等优点;且在肛门外形和功能保护方面优于对照组,本术式具有较好的临床疗效和安全性。     

长效止痛剂肛周封闭配合扩肛术治疗陈旧性肛裂

为观察长效止痛剂肛周封闭配合扩肛术治疗陈旧性肛裂的疗效，将420例陈旧性肛裂患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组210例，分别采用长效止痛剂封闭配合扩肛术（治疗组）及传统的肛裂侧切术（对照组）进行治疗。结果表明，治疗组比对照组恢复快，术后并发症少，痛苦小，容易操作，对肛门括约肌损伤小，创口愈合快，复发率低，无需住院，是一种较理想的治疗方法。     

Perianal Paget’s disease: case report and review of the literature

A peri-anal skin lesion, often eczema-like and with symptoms of pruritus, that does not resolve after classical local therapy should be biopsied. We present a case of peri-anal extramammary Paget’s disease (EMDP) and associated anal adenocarcinoma. Reviewing the literature, more than 30% of patients with EMDP present a second primary tumour in their past, present or future history. In Europe, the risk of developing a new primary tumour in patients with this condition is increased compared with the standard population. In cases of peri-anal Paget’s disease (PPD), specific histochemical markers allow us to differentiate between a primary and a secondary form, the secondary one is strongly associated with colorectal and anal tumours. We provide information about the most commonly suggested therapy for PPD with or without associated malignancy and about the recommended follow-up.