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991.
992.
《ALTER. European Journal of Disability research, Journal europeen de recherche sur le handicap》2016,10(2):e1-e13
In this article, I analyze one evolution in disability research over the past 30 years: the shift from an individual to a social approach to disability. While most disability research has currently “socialized” disability or at the least situates disabled people within a social context, not all do so in the same way nor based on the same assumptions. They lead to different concepts of the person and society and different concepts of disability and normalcy. I analyze this evolution by looking at three approaches to disability: the social model, the approach taken in the sociology of science and technology, and the ethics of care. I show how each, by renewing the analysis of disability, has brought about changes for disabled people and transformed ways of “living together” and “making society”. I also show the limits of these approaches and propose lines of thought for the continuation of our research, notably around the question of autonomy. I propose that we rethink autonomy from the standpoint of the notion of “recalcitrance”. 相似文献
993.
Hippocampal BOLD response during category learning predicts subsequent performance on transfer generalization 下载免费PDF全文
Francesco Fera Luca Passamonti Mohammad M. Herzallah Catherine E. Myers Pierangelo Veltri Giuseppina Morganti Aldo Quattrone Mark A. Gluck 《Human brain mapping》2014,35(7):3122-3131
To test a prediction of our previous computational model of cortico‐hippocampal interaction (Gluck and Myers [1993, 2001]) for characterizing individual differences in category learning, we studied young healthy subjects using an fMRI‐adapted category‐learning task that has two phases, an initial phase in which associations are learned through trial‐and‐error feedback followed by a generalization phase in which previously learned rules can be applied to novel associations (Myers et al. [2003]). As expected by our model, we found a negative correlation between learning‐related hippocampal responses and accuracy during transfer, demonstrating that hippocampal adaptation during learning is associated with better behavioral scores during transfer generalization. In addition, we found an inverse relationship between Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) activity in the striatum and that in the hippocampal formation and the orbitofrontal cortex during the initial learning phase. Conversely, activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and parietal lobes dominated over that of the hippocampal formation during the generalization phase. These findings provide evidence in support of theories of the neural substrates of category learning which argue that the hippocampal region plays a critical role during learning for appropriately encoding and representing newly learned information so that that this learning can be successfully applied and generalized to subsequent novel task demands. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3122–3131, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc . 相似文献
994.
Al. A. Sergeev A. S. Kabanov L. E. Bulychev Ar. A. Sergeev O. V. Pyankov S. A. Bodnev D. O. Galahova A. S. Zamedyanskaya K. A. Titova A. G. Glotov O. S. Taranov V. V. Omigov L. N. Shishkina A. P. Agafonov A. N. Sergeev 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2016,63(5):e419-e430
As a result of the conducted experimental studies on intranasal challenge of ICR mice, rabbits and miniature pigs (even in the maximum variant) with the doses of 4.0–5.5 lg PFU of monkeypox virus (MPXV), some clinical signs such as purulent conjunctivitis, blepharitis and ruffled fur were found only in mice. The 50% infective dose (CID50) of MPXV for these animals estimated by the presence of external clinical signs was 4.8 lg PFU, and LID50 estimated by the virus presence in the lungs of mice 7 days post‐infection taking into account its 10% application in the animal respiratory tract was 1.4 lg PFU. When studying the dynamics of MPXV propagation in mice challenged intranasally with 25 LID50 of MPXV, the maximum pathogen accumulation was revealed in nasal cavity, lungs and brain: 5.7 ± 0.1, 5.5 ± 0.1 and 5.3 ± 0.3 lg PFU/ml, respectively. The pathomorphological examination of these animals revealed the presence and replication of the pathogen in the traditional primary target cells for MPXV (mononuclear phagocyte system cells and respiratory tract epitheliocytes) as well as in some other types of cells (endothelial cells, reticular cells, connective tissue cells). Our use of these animals to assess the antiviral efficacy of some drugs demonstrated the agreement of the results (a significant positive effect of NIOCH‐14 and ST‐246) with those described in scientific literature, which opens up the prospects of using ICR mice as animal models for monkeypox to develop preventive antismallpox drugs. 相似文献
995.
996.
为更好的把动物模型应用于子宫内膜异位症的病因、发病机制及治疗等方面的研究,本文将对子宫内膜异位症实验动物的选择、传统动物模型、新型特殊动物模型的构建方法及优缺点进行综述,以期为子宫内膜异位症疾病动物模型的研究提供参考。 相似文献
997.
目的 分析2012年和2014年流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)流行特征,探讨山东省2剂次含腮腺炎成分疫苗(MuCV)接种的预防效果。方法 在一定模型假定基础上,结合相关文献设置合理参数,构建状态空间模型,利用迭代滤波对模型进行参数估计。结果 2012年和2014年托幼及学生人群基础再生数(R0)分别为4.49(95%CI:4.30~4.67)和2.50(95%CI:2.38~2.61)。结论 状态空间模型能够很好地描述腮腺炎传播过程;山东省实行2剂MuCV能够有效降低腮腺炎在人群中的传播;托幼和学生是实现腮腺炎进一步控制的重要人群,应进一步提高2剂次MuCV接种率。 相似文献
998.
P. Calistri L. Savini L. Candeloro D. Di Sabatino F. Cito R. Bruno M. L. Danzetta 《Transboundary and Emerging Diseases》2016,63(5):485-496
In August 2008, after 10 years of apparent silence, West Nile virus (WNV) infection re‐emerged in northern Italy, spreading through the territories of three regions. In the following years, new cases occurred in the same area and additional foci of infection were observed in central and southern Italy, involving also Sicily and Sardinia islands. The Italian Ministry of Health ordered to test by RT‐PCR all blood and organ donors from 15th June to 15th November of each year in the infected areas. The period at risk of WNV transmission was defined on the basis of literature data, but a more scientific estimation of the transmission season, under Italian circumstances, needs to be performed. A transitional model previously developed by other Authors was applied and adapted to Italian circumstances, to describe and quantify the WNV transmission cycle between birds and mosquitoes. Culex spp. was considered the main vector, and mosquito parameters were adapted to this genus. Magpies (Pica pica) were considered the main bird host. The model was partially validated through the results of the entomological surveys carried out in central Italy and in Po Valley. The results of the transitional model permitted to calculate the basic reproduction number (R0) during 2010 for the whole Italian territory at 1 km of spatial resolution, estimating the risk of WNV transmission during the year and creating detailed risk maps for Italy. The mean values of R0 for the whole Italy varied between 0.4 and 4.8, with values >1 from the end of May to the middle of September. The coastal and flat zones of Italy showed the highest R0 values. Although partially validated, the model showed a substantial acceptable capacity of defining the period at major risk of WNV transmission in Italy, helping Public health authorities in the application of appropriate and timely control and preventive measures. 相似文献
999.
《Clinical neurophysiology》2014,125(7):1324-1338
ObjectiveNo synoptic understanding exists of how and why afterdischarges (ADs) occur following electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Based on human observations, we formulated a general mechanism for the emergence of ADs.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed spectra of AD time-series and control segments of the resting electrocorticogram (ECoG) in 15 epilepsy patients who underwent cortical stimulation mapping. The observations led to the development of phenomenological models for AD emergence and morphology.ResultsAn analytical relationship exists between the spectrum of the baseline ECoG and the ensuing AD, characterised by ‘condensation’ of the main baseline spectral cluster, with variable inclusion of higher harmonics of the condensate.ConclusionsADs arise by synchronisation of pre-existing local field potentials, likely through temporary inactivation of inhibitory interneurons from repetitive stimulation-induced depolarization. The appearance of higher harmonics indicates that ADs are further modulated by recurrent feedback, likely from the entrained activity of single units.SignificanceFor the first time, a putative mechanism is suggested for AD emergence following electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Insight is also offered into several empirical observations regarding ADs, detailed in the main text. More generally, a novel conceptual synthesis emerges between the behaviour of electrically-excited cortex and the physics of nonlinearly coupled multi-oscillator systems. 相似文献
1000.
This article examines the nature of offender rehabilitation and briefly reviews the effectiveness of correctional interventions in reducing recidivism. It then outlines the two most prominent contemporary theories of offender rehabilitation: the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model and the Good Lives Model (GLM). Our aim is to introduce these two broad rehabilitation frameworks and analyse their practice implications. We conclude that the GLM can offer an alternative view of offender rehabilitation that seeks to help offenders live more fulfilling lives while also reducing risk. 相似文献