History of arrest, incarceration and victimization in community-based severely mentally ill

This study examined history of arrest and victimization in an urban community sample of severely mentally ill adults. Adults (n = 308) were consented and interviewed in one of four short-term residential treatment facilities in San Francisco. Nearly three quarters (71.4%) had been arrested at some time in their lives, 28.2% of whom had been arrested in the past 6 months. Substance use and homelessness were associated with history of arrest, while gender and ethnicity were not, although African Americans were more likely to have spent longer time in jail or prison. One quarter (25.6%) reported victimization. Being female (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.2–3.5, p = 0.032) and homeless (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.8, p = 0.013) were associated with reporting victimization. Severe mental illness, in particular in combination with substance abuse and homelessness, is associated with higher prevalence of both arrest and victimization history. Healthcare providers should solicit histories to include these events in order to understand and provide optimal care and case management services.Mary Castle White is Professor, Linda Chafetz, Professor, and Gerri Collins-Bride, Clinical Professor, all at the University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing, Department of Community Health Systems; and John Nickens is Clinical Director of the San Francisco Progress Foundation, San Francisco, California, USA.This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Nursing Research (RO1-NR05350).     

Incarceration and drug use patterns among a cohort of injection drug users

Aims   Drug law enforcement remains the dominant response to drug-related harm. However, the impact of incarceration on deterring drug use remains under-evaluated. We sought to explore the relationship between incarceration and patterns of drug use among people who inject drugs (IDU).
Design   Using generalized estimating equations (GEE), we examined the prevalence and correlates of injection cessation among participants in the Vancouver Injection Drug User Study followed over 9 years. In subanalyses, we used McNemar's tests and linear growth curve analyses to assess changes in drug use patterns before and after a period of incarceration among participants reporting incarceration and those not incarcerated.
Findings   Among 1603 IDU, 842 (53%) reported injection cessation for at least 6 months at some point during follow-up. In multivariate GEE analyses, recent incarceration was associated negatively with injection cessation [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.50], whereas the use of methadone was associated positively with cessation (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.22–1.56). In subanalyses assessing longitudinal patterns of drug use among incarcerated individuals and those not incarcerated over the study period, linear growth curve analyses indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in patterns of drug use between the two groups (all P  > 0.05).
Conclusions   These observational data suggest that incarceration does not reduce drug use among IDU. Incarceration may inhibit access to mechanisms that promote injection cessation among IDU. In contrast, results indicate that methadone use is associated positively with injection cessation, independent of previous frequency of drug use.     

Combined argon laser peripheral iridoplasty and Nd: YAG laser shock wave therapy for recurrent XEN gel stent obstruction due to iris incarceration: A case report

Introduction:Despite its proven effectiveness and safety profile, the XEN Gel Stent (Allergan Inc., CA, USA) has a small lumen and is therefore likely to become occluded by fibrin, a blood clot, or even the iris. However, few studies have investigated XEN-iris occlusion and how to manage this condition. We describe the first case report of recurrent XEN gel stent obstruction by iris incarceration, which was resolved following a combined treatment with argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) and low-energy neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser shock wave treatment.Patient information:A 74-year-old Korean male underwent uncomplicated XEN gel stent implantation and presented with low intraocular pressure (IOP) with a well-functioning filtering bleb during the first postoperative week. On postoperative day 10, the XEN lumen was occluded by the iris and demonstrated an IOP spike of 33 mmHg. Despite the use of pilocarpine, the iris incarceration persisted. Therefore, surgery to reposition the XEN stent was attempted using a gonio-prism and intraocular forceps. After the first revision surgery, the IOP and stent position were stable for 2 weeks. However, recurrent partial obstruction of the stent by the iris, pigment dispersion into the intraluminal space, and an elevated IOP of 24 mmHg were observed later.Diagnosis:Recurrent XEN gel stent occlusion by the iris and intraluminal pigment dispersion.Interventions:Combined ALPI and low energy Nd: YAG laser shock wave therapy.Outcomes:IOP dropped from 24 mmHg to 10 mmHg immediately and continued to be well-controlled until 3 months later (range: 8–12 mmHg).Conclusions:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of the efficacy of combined laser treatment for relieving recurrent XEN implant occlusion by the iris. This combination laser treatment might be a relatively safe rescue treatment to restore the patency of a XEN gel stent occluded by the iris, even in cases with recurrent XEN stent obstruction after surgical repositioning.     

输尿管镜术中输尿管镜嵌顿致退镜困难45例处理体会

目的 总结1218例输尿管镜手术患者中45例术中输尿管镜嵌顿致退镜困难者的临床资料,探讨输尿管镜手术时输尿管镜嵌顿致退镜困难的原因与对策.方法 15例是采用与麻醉师充分沟通,适当增强肌松剂,注入少量水性润滑剂和1％利多卡因后拔出镜体;13例术中经上述方法处理无效改全身麻醉后拔出镜体;5例未经特殊处理,耐心等待10～30min输尿管松弛后拔出镜体;10例术中经尿道置入另1根输尿管镜,在异物钳帮助下轻轻旋转摆动拔出镜体;2例输尿管上段结石患者行气压弹道碎石治疗时发现输尿管镜嵌顿于输尿管内强行退镜致输尿管黏膜撕脱,其中1例术中立即行肠代输尿管术,1例行开放手术输尿管膀胱再植术.结果 43例发生输尿管镜嵌顿致退镜困难患者采用适当的处理措施,都能顺利退镜并避免严重并发症的发生,也不需开放手术取出镜体.2例因强行退镜致输尿管黏膜撕脱,1例术中立即行肠代输尿管术,1例行开放手术输尿管膀胱再植术.2例均恢复良好.结论 输尿管镜术中发生输尿管镜嵌顿采取适当的处理措施可避免强行退镜导致输尿管黏膜撕脱等严重并发症的发生.     

留置气囊导尿管烧伤患儿尿管嵌顿的护理

目的 探讨烧伤患儿留置导尿管嵌顿后的正确处理方法.方法 将26例留置导尿管嵌顿的烧伤患儿根据病情及嵌顿的位置进行分析,其中2例留置导尿时嵌顿在尿道膜部,22例嵌顿在膀胱部,2例嵌顿在尿道内口.对不同嵌顿分别应用导丝刺入法、针刺法和外科手术法进行处理.结果 26例患儿经处理均可拔除气囊尿管,其中19例采用导丝刺入法,4例采用针刺法,3例采用经会阴尿道切开取异物术,术后患者恢复较好.1例手术患者术后再次留置气囊尿管,留置2周后正常拔除气囊尿管,顺利出院.结论 护理人员应熟练掌握男性患儿的生理解剖特点,气囊导尿管的结构、性能、特点、操作方法及注意事项,正确掌握气囊尿管的拔管方法,才能使拔管顺利.     

Sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in uterine incarceration

We show the sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging features of uterine incarceration. Clinical data and imaging findings were retrospectively reviewed for 8 confirmed cases identified by sonography from 2000 to 2010. Two patients had magnetic resonance imaging. Seven of 8 patients (87.5%) presented with abdominal pain; 4 of 8 (50.0%) also had urinary symptoms. All had a retroverted uterus with an elongated anterosuperiorly displaced or poorly visualized cervix on sonography. Magnetic resonance imaging showed similar features, but in both cases, the placental position was misinterpreted because of severe uterine retroversion. Radiologists should be aware of this condition and its imaging features to reduce associated morbidity and mortality.     

Institutional distrust among gay,bisexual, and other men who have sex with men as a barrier to accessing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Populations at highest risk for acquiring HIV are more likely to pass through criminal justice (CJ) settings, and CJ-involved individuals are often at the intersection of multiple overlapping risk factors. The present study explored interest in, knowledge of, and barriers to PrEP uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men involved in the criminal justice system. Using semi-structured interviews, 26 participants who identified as MSM were asked about PrEP knowledge and interest, HIV risk, and incarceration experience. One theme that emerged across interviews was how institutional distrust in CJ settings may instill lack of trust in medical care after perceived mistreatment. Participants explained how lack of privacy fostered feelings that medical care was not confidential, care received was tied to status as an incarcerated person, and feelings of dehumanization led to distrust. Findings explore how distrust may hinder PrEP uptake and other HIV prevention efforts in CJ settings as well as after release. They highlight the need for greater privacy efforts and cultural humility, and explore how medical settings may function as spaces for people who are incarcerated to disclose HIV risk status. Few studies to our knowledge have examined the role of institutional distrust on men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) interventions. The present study has implications for creating best practices to structure HIV prevention interventions in CJ settings.     

An unusual presentation of an incarcerated Spigelian hernia

Spigelian hernias are rare hernias, occurring through a defect in the Spigelian aponeurosis. Like other hernias, they may contain abdominal contents but are more likely to be incarcerated due to the small size of the fascial defect. Multiple intra-abdominal organs have reportedly been found in Spigelian hernias. A search of the literature showed only nine reported cases in which an appendix has been found within a Spigelian hernia. We present a patient with a history of lower abdominal pain since 10 weeks with a large intra-abdominal mass in the right iliac fossa. Due to abscess formation with spontaneous evacuation through the abdominal wall, drainage and incision were performed and the patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. An explorative laparoscopy after six weeks showed an incarcerated appendix in a Spigelian hernia.     

老年嵌顿性腹股沟疝治疗策略

在我国老龄化社会背景下,老年病人逐渐增加,腹股沟疝在老年病人中发病率较高,其中不乏出现嵌顿的情况。老年病人基础疾病多,机体代偿能力差,一旦出现嵌顿治疗难度大,术前准备时间短,围手术期并发症发生率较高。传统观点认为针对此类病人的首要任务是解除嵌顿,其次是行疝修补术。老年病人如何选择急诊手术方式直接影响预后。开放手术因可采用局部麻醉,适用范围广,能够减少对老年病人全身的干扰。腹腔镜手术具有探查腹腔的优势,特别适合于腹股沟嵌顿疝的情况,但全身麻醉限制了其应用。此外,老年嵌顿性腹股沟疝病人围手术期的管理也应引起重视,综合评估才能提高治疗效果,降低并发症的发生率。