催化褪色光度法测定中草药白花蛇舌草中的微量锗

目的：利用催化褪色光度法测定中草药白花蛇舌草中微量元素锗。方法用超声波清洗仪提取中草药白花蛇舌草中微量元素锗,并用催化褪色光度法测定锗元素的含量。研究痕量锗在稀硫酸介质中催化加速溴酸钾、过氧化氢与中性红之间的反应,建立催化光度法测定痕量锗的方法。结果本实验测得中草药白花蛇舌草中无机锗（Ⅳ）含量为0.0248μg/g。结论该法灵敏度、精密度均能满足检测工作的需要。     

稳心颗粒治疗快速性心律失常的临床研究

目的 探索稳心颗粒治疗快速性心律失常的临床疗效.方法 2013年1月-2014年1月在该院心内科诊断为快速性心律失常患者68例入选,男36例,女32例;年龄24～79岁.所有患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各34例.对照组仅给予原发病治疗;观察组在常规治疗基础上加用稳心颗粒(3次/d,每次10g,口服),连续治疗4周.比较二组患者临床症状改善情况、24h心率变化,治疗前后SDNN、SDANN、pNN50QTd、QTcd变化.结果 与对照组比较,观察组总有效率增加,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).观察组治疗前较治疗后心率下降、SDNN增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与对照组治疗后比较,观察组治疗后SDNN[(117±10)ms vs (100±12)ms]增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与本组治疗前比较,观察组治疗后24h平均心率增加,QTcd下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).观察组较对照组治疗后QTcd[(50.25±8.13)ms vs (63.24±7.44) ms]下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组患者因心力衰竭住院3例、快速心房颤动2例、急性心肌梗死1例、阵发性室性心动过速2例、心源性死亡1例,共9例(26.5％).观察组患者因心力衰竭住院2例、快速心房颤动2例、脑卒中1例,共计5例(14.7％).观察组无不良反应发生.结论 稳心颗粒治疗快速性心律失常临床疗效确切,不良反应少.     

史载祥中西医结合治疗高血压的临床思路和经验

中西医学对高血压的发病机制，从不同的理论体系出发有各自的认识，治疗理念上也有较大的差异。①中药调整体质，增强机体对降压药的敏感性；②中药与西药需配伍应用，才能取得最佳疗效；③对高血压痛的靶器官损害。采取中西医结合防治；④重视高血压病的非药物治疗。对治疗高血压病的临证经验：①早期实证多见。治以清肝潜阳：以羚羊钩藤汤为主；②中期虚实夹杂，兼顾滋阴补肾，祛痰化瘀通络：以镇肝熄风汤为主：③后期以虚为主，调整阴阳平衡：辨证治疗心力衰竭、脑出血等危重症。     

活血化瘀中药保护心肌缺血-再灌注损伤研究进展

通过对近年来活血化瘀中药保护心肌缺血-再灌注损伤方面的基础和临床研究的文献总结,发现其保护作用机制具有多靶点、多层面的特点,主要从清除自由基、拮抗钙超载、抑制心肌细胞凋亡、保护血管内皮功能、改善微循环和血流动力学以及心肌缺血预保护等方面发挥活血化瘀中药保护心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的研究进展作用.     

基于网络药理学探讨活血化瘀药治疗子宫内膜异位症的作用机制

目的 利用网络药理学探究活血化瘀药治疗子宫内膜异位症（endometriosis,EM）的可能作用机制。方法 以桃仁、红花、泽兰、丹参、益母草、川牛膝、王不留行等七味临床常用活血化瘀中药为研究主体。利用中药化学成分数据库TCMSP平台,检索获取七味活血化瘀药有效活性成分,通过Targets information软件获得有效成分对应靶点。使用GeneCards数据库收集EM相关靶基因,利用韦恩图工具得到活血化瘀药有效成分治疗EM的靶基因。应用Cytoscape 3.6.0软件构建活性成分－作用靶点－疾病网络。应用KEGG数据库分析获得靶点基因富集的信号通路。结果 七味活血化瘀药共筛选出94种活性成分,119个作用靶标。其中槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚等为关键活性成分,PTGS2、PTGS1、NCOA2、NCOA1等为关键靶点。七味中药共有20条EM相关KGEE通路,涉及性激素、炎症、细胞调亡以及血管生成等各个方面,其中PI3K-Akt、IL-17、TNF-α等炎症相关通路为主要通路。结论 活血化瘀药治疗EM具有多成分、多靶点、多通路的特点,针对EM的疼痛、炎症以及月经紊乱状态均有治疗作用。     

《医宗金鉴·妇科心法要诀·崩漏门》组方用药特点分析

目的探讨《医宗金鉴·妇科心法要诀·崩漏门》组方用药规律与特点。方法运用统计学方法,统计《医宗金鉴·妇科心法要诀·崩漏门》中所用方剂及药物的四气、五味、归经以及方剂的功能、主治、归类等所出现的频次、频率;运用文献学方法分析其组方用药规律与特色。结果《医宗金鉴·妇科心法要诀·崩漏门》共用方15首,其中补益方使用频次最高,占73.33%。15首方剂共用药物49味,其四气五味应用频次前三为温寒平,甘苦辛,分别为61.24%、20.16%及14.73%和32.18%、29.21%及29.21%。归经上,归肝经药物应用最多,占22.14%,脾肺经次之为18.32%、12.21%;功效分类上,补益药应用频次最高,其次为风类药、祛湿药,占50.00%、16.66%、15.15%。结论《医宗金鉴·妇科心法要诀·崩漏门》认为虚、热、瘀是崩漏发生的主要病机,其治崩漏,不在固涩,而在治本,即补脾、调肝、清热、化瘀。其组方用药特点体现在崇古不泥,灵活务实;重视温补,慎用涩止;崇尚调肝,注重清热化瘀。     

In a long-term experimental demography study,excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives

A major goal in ecology is to understand mechanisms that increase invasion success of exotic species. A recent hypothesis implicates altered species interactions resulting from ungulate herbivore overabundance as a key cause of exotic plant domination. To test this hypothesis, we maintained an experimental demography deer exclusion study for 6 y in a forest where the native ungulate Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) is overabundant and Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is aggressively invading. Because population growth is multiplicative across time, we introduce metrics that correctly integrate experimental effects across treatment years, the cumulative population growth rate, λ_c, and its geometric mean, λ_per-year, the time-averaged annual population growth rate. We determined λ_c and λ_per-year of the invader and of a common native, Trillium erectum. Our results conclusively demonstrate that deer are required for the success of Alliaria; its projected population trajectory shifted from explosive growth in the presence of deer (λ_per-year = 1.33) to decline toward extinction where deer are excluded (λ_per-year = 0.88). In contrast, Trillium’s λ_per-year was suppressed in the presence of deer relative to deer exclusion (λ_per-year = 1.04 vs. 1.20, respectively). Retrospective sensitivity analyses revealed that the largest negative effect of deer exclusion on Alliaria came from rosette transitions, whereas the largest positive effect on Trillium came from reproductive transitions. Deer exclusion lowered Alliaria density while increasing Trillium density. Our results provide definitive experimental support that interactions with overabundant ungulates enhance demographic success of invaders and depress natives’ success, with broad implications for biodiversity and ecosystem function worldwide.Steadily increasing pressure by invasive plant species on native biodiversity (1) disrupts both community and ecosystem function (2) and results in staggering economic costs worldwide (3, 4). A major goal in ecology is to understand how changes over time in species interactions affect invasion success of exotic species (5–8). According to ecological theory, the ability of the resident community to limit the success of invading exotics [biotic resistance (9, 10)] will depend upon ecological context that includes the suite of local interactors (11–15). The abundance of herbivores and their local impacts (11, 14, 16) can play a prominent role in how fast plant populations grow or shrink and how much the relative abundance of plant species changes over time (5, 15), including changes associated with plant invasions (11, 16–19). Recently, increased browsing pressure by overabundant ungulate herbivores on native plant communities has been proposed as a fundamental cause of a shift from native to exotic plant domination in forests and rangelands worldwide (11, 16, 20). Wild and domesticated ungulates (e.g., deer, elk, goats, sheep, horses, cows) that are either native or introduced have all been implicated in this process (11, 16, 20).Overabundant ungulates may change the success of invading exotics in numerous ways. Ungulate browsing on natives may depress their abundance and ability to compete (21–24) and increase abiotic resources available to invaders (11, 25, 26), which can act synergistically to decrease communities’ ability to resist invasion (biotic resistance; refs. 8 and 10). Ungulates disperse exotic seeds (27, 28) and create novel abiotic conditions with respect to soil disturbance, soil quality, and light availability (21, 22, 26), which may enhance exotic establishment and growth. Moreover, although ungulates are considered diet generalists, in fact, they frequently behave as selective foragers (21–24, 29), preferring natives to exotics. In this circumstance, unpalatable invaders can have a double advantage over natives—both release from historic enemies (20) and inedible to new potential enemies in the invaded range (30, 31). Together, these mechanisms not only implicate overabundant ungulates in their direct impact on the rate at which populations of palatable native species grow or shrink, but point to their potentially pivotal role in reducing the biotic resistance of the native community to favor invaders (13, 14).To determine how ungulate herbivores affect the fitness of invaders and natives, field experiments that manipulate herbivore access for several years and are spatially well replicated are required (11, 32, 33). The multiyear, population-level demographic data gained in such experiments can be used to estimate the ultimate metric of fitness: population growth rate (λ). However, despite the widespread use of manipulative experiments that alter herbivore access to plants, we still lack appropriate demographic data (i.e., complete schedules of fertility, mortality and growth for all stages) in invaded systems (2, 14, 17, 32, 33). Instead, herbivore–plant invader experiments typically report simple metrics of plant success (e.g., percent cover or counts of individuals) at a single time point. For example, the metric “percent cover” estimates the total leaf area of a species, often relative to other species. Lower leaf area of native plants where ungulates have access could merely be the result of leaf tissue lost to herbivory, with no actual change in invader or native numbers. Likewise, “snapshot counts” of invaders often leave out critical life cycle stages and do not provide information on rates of survival, reproduction, or growth, without which population dynamics cannot be analyzed. Thus, it is not surprising that ungulate exclusion experiments that apply such metrics provide no unified answer regarding exotic invaders [effect on invasion success: none (34–36); mixed (37, 38); positive (39–41; reviewed in ref. 16)] because these studies cannot address population viability of invaders or natives. Also, although evidence of ungulates’ influence on native plant population dynamics from exclusion experiments has been previously demonstrated (e.g., refs. 42 and 43), our study is distinct. We know of no other such experiments testing the link between ungulates and invasive exotic population growth rate in invaded systems.Here, we use experimental demography and stage-based data (rates of survival, fertility, and growth) collected over multiple years to test the hypothesis that an overabundant native ungulate herbivore drives positive population growth of invaders (11, 16). We emphasize that in herbivore removal experiments the fitness of plant populations, which is measured by population growth rate, is predicted to rebound with persistent, multiplicative beneficial effects over time. What has not previously been recognized in such experiments is that treatment effects accumulate over the span of an experiment (44), necessitating a quantitative metric that integrates fitness over the entire life cycle and over time. Moreover, population growth is a process that is multiplicative across time. Thus, we introduce the use of cumulative population growth rate, λ_c, at the end of a multiyear experiment as the metric that correctly integrates experimental effects across the observed sequence of demographic changes across time. Our multiyear demographic projection and the corresponding multiyear retrospective sensitivity analysis provide fresh insights. To facilitate comparisons of our results with studies that estimate λ from single-year transitions, we present λ_per-year, the geometric mean of λ_c. Our retrospective sensitivity analyses [similar to life table response experiment analysis for periodic matrices (45, 46)] of λ_c reveal how each part of the life cycle contributes to overall differences in cumulative population dynamics caused by an experimental manipulation. We conclusively show that overabundant deer create conditions favorable for explosive exponential population growth of an exotic plant invader, but that when deer are excluded, populations of the invader are projected to decline exponentially.We focus on the native ungulate Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer; hereafter, deer) and the exotic herbaceous understory invader Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae; garlic mustard; hereafter, Alliaria), which both present serious management concerns in North American forests. Relative to historical records, deer densities are currently 4–10 times higher than pre-European settlement densities across North America (47). Overabundant native deer in forests exert the same kinds of pressures as other ungulates (native and nonnative, wild and domesticated) globally, including perturbation of understory communities (22, 27, 39), exotic seed dispersal (27), and alteration of abiotic conditions (21, 39). Likewise, Alliaria ranks among the most problematic forest invaders in North America (48). Introduced by early colonists, it was naturalized on Long Island, New York, by 1868 (reviewed in ref. 48). In its native Eurasia, Alliaria grows in edge or disturbed habitats, whereas in North America it increasingly occupies forest interiors (48). Relative to the slow-growing, long-lived understory community it invades, Alliaria has a rapid, biennial life cycle: spring seedlings form overwintering rosettes by autumn. In their second year, plants reproduce, disperse seeds, and die. In its invaded range, Alliaria has high population growth rates (λ = 1.4–3.4) (48), which project annual increases in numbers of 40–240%. Alliaria’s invasive success has been hypothesized to result from various factors. These include the following: novel allelopathic weapons, enemy release, positive soil feedback, taxonomic novelty, high competitive ability, and specific phenotypic traits. No single factor has yet to explain the broad reach of this tenacious exotic (reviewed in ref. 48). Here, we investigate what has not been previously explored: the role of ungulate disruption of native community biotic resistance (13) on Alliaria’s invasion success. To date, deer and Alliaria have been foci of intense, largely separate, research efforts. Our approach uses experimental demography to jointly examine these two issues. Together, they constitute an ideal system to investigate ungulate–exotic plant invasion linkages (11, 16).Our experiment was conducted in a beech–maple forest in southwestern Pennsylvania (Trillium Trail Nature Reserve, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania: 40° 52′ 01.40″ N; 79° 90″ 10.75″ W). Winter aerial flyovers of this area performed between 1993–2004 revealed overabundant deer: currently 20–42 deer per km² compared with an historic density of 10–12 deer per km² (Fig. S1). In a different area in this same forest, Knight et al. (39) used an indirect metric of plant performance and found that relative percent cover of Alliaria was lower and that there was significantly less bare ground where deer were excluded relative to sites where deer were present (39). However, in that study Alliaria nevertheless remained abundant (the second most abundant species) even where deer were excluded. That study (39), which used relative percent cover as a response metric, left several questions unanswered, including the following: Was Alliaria’s relative decline due to the native species increasing in cover with no actual change in cover of the invader? Did the tenacious invader’s population growth rate actually decline? Given these unanswered questions from the earlier study, the Trillium Trail forest was an ideal location to address these questions and to conduct a definitive demographic experiment that could distinguish among these mechanisms. In 2002, we established paired plots (n = 6 pairs of 14 × 14-m plots) with one plot per pair randomly assigned to a fenced treatment that excluded deer (see Materials and Methods for details). The other plot in each pair remained unfenced and experienced ambient levels of deer and other animals. We compared population-level responses of native understory herbaceous perennial species and Alliaria between treatments for 6 y. For three focal native herbs that are palatable to deer (e.g., ref. 49) and the unpalatable Alliaria, we quantified reproductive success each year. For Alliaria and one of the natives, Trillium erectum (Melanthiaceae, hereafter Trillium), we additionally quantified the complete schedule of survival, fertility, and growth rates each year. We selected Trillium as a counterpoint to Alliaria as it is the most common flowering herbaceous species found at Trillium Trail Nature Reserve. Moreover, Trillium species are a preferred food source for deer (49) and well-known phytoindicators of deer browse (e.g., ref. 49; but see ref. 50). In a nonexperimental study, deer browse levels within a population were negatively correlated with population growth rate for another species in the genus, Trillium grandiflorum (51). Accordingly, Trillium represents a model for understanding the impact of deer on native species, and the loss of such browse-sensitive species can be a metric of decline in forest integrity (52). We predicted that, if ungulates disrupt the native community and enhance exotic invasion success, then in plots experimentally protected from deer: (i) native species would have higher reproductive success, (ii) Trillium fitness would increase and its density would increase, (iii) Alliaria fitness would decrease and its density would decline. Meanwhile, in plots where deer were allowed access, we expected either the opposite trends or no change from initial conditions. Alternatively, if any of the other previously hypothesized mechanisms for Alliaria’s success (e.g., novel weapons, enemy release) are at play and more important than herbivore impacts, then we would expect Alliaria’s population growth rate to remain high despite deer exclusion, while predictions for the effects of deer on the natives remain the same.In brief, from 2003 to 2008 at annual censuses, we scored reproduction and survival of individuals of Alliaria and of the three native perennials that are preferred food sources for deer (49): Trillium, Maianthemum racemosum (Ruscaceae), and Polygonatum biflorum (Ruscaceae). In plots accessible to deer, we also scored deer browse. To assess the effect of deer exclusion on the fitness of Trillium and Alliaria, we implemented our multiyear matrix projection analysis to calculate cumulative population growth rates from 2003 to 2007 for each treatment. To construct matrices, we defined five life cycle stages for the perennial Trillium (germinant bank, seedling, one-leafed juvenile, three-leafed nonflowering, and three-leafed flowering; Fig. S2A) and three life cycle stages for Alliaria (dormant seed in the seed bank, rosette, and fruiting adult; Fig. S3A). Matrix elements were calculated as a function of the vital rates associated with each stage transition (Figs. S2A and S3A). We captured cumulative effects of deer exclusion or continued deer overabundance over time, parameterizing multiyear projection matrix models B, for each species and treatment by multiplication of annual projection matrices A_{YEAR-TREATMENT} (e.g., B_DEER = A_2006-DEER A_2005-DEER A_2004-DEER A_2003-DEER). The matrix B, at the heart our analyses, contains the rates at which individuals that were at a given stage at the beginning of the experiment will have either become or produced individuals of each stage after four transition years. Our analyses of multiyear matrices provide integrative measures of plant fitness over the time frame of the experiment, including treatment-specific cumulative population growth rates (λ_c, the dominant eigenvalue of B), time-averaged λ’s (λ_{per-year-TREATMENT} = the fourth root of the dominant eigenvalue, λ_c, of B), and an overall measure of the effect of protecting plants from deer on plant fitness Δλ_per-year = λ_{per-year-NO_DEER} – λ_{per-year-DEER}. [Note: Pooled plot data (Trillium) and individual plot data (Alliaria) were used. See Materials and Methods, Matrix Construction for Each Species and Treatment.] Finally, to uncover mechanistic differences between the response of the native and the exotic to deer exclusion, we use a life table response experiment retrospective sensitivity analysis (45, 46). The analysis shows how important each of these 4-y demographic rates is to differences in λ_c between treatments, quantified by contributions made during transitions from stage j to stage i, c_ij.     

金华地区防治新型冠状病毒感染肺炎的中药处方分析

目的：探索中药治疗新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎(COVID-19)的临床组方原则及用药特色。方法：从本院中新冠肺炎患者选取50张处方,提取方药信息,并对药物频数、药物类别等进行频数分析及聚类分析。结果：用药频次最高的五位药物分别是：虎杖、桔梗、三叶青、土茯苓、赤芍。药类频数分析反映清热药、化痰药、补虚药使用频率最高,其中以清热解毒药最为常用,并通过聚类分析得出常用药物4个组合。结论：本院中医临床论治COVID-19肺炎具有润燥相合,相因制宜,灵活辨治,注重治本的用药特点,并通过数据挖掘方法,总结高频中药及其聚类分析的结果,可以为临床用药提供一定的参考和指导。     

清热化瘀中药对急性肝衰竭模型大鼠肝功能及生存期的影响

目的:探讨清热化瘀中药对急性肝衰竭(acuteliver failure,ALF)模型大鼠肝功能及生存期的影响.方法:采用D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)单次腹腔注射构建ALF大鼠模型,125只SD大鼠以是否接受造模和药物干预随机分为空白组、模型组、复方甘草酸苷组和清热化瘀中药组;每组再以36、96h两个时间点继续随机分为1、2两个亚组,共8组,其中亚组1用于造模后36h取血及肝组织标本,亚组2用于观察96h内大鼠的生存率.以全自动生化分析法检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanineaminotransferase,ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)和胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase,CHE),全自动血凝分析法检测血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombintime,PT),常规HE染色作肝组织病理学观察.结果:模型组、复方甘草酸苷组及清热化瘀中药组估计平均生存时间分别为64.6、71.9、83.3h;log-rank检验提示清热化瘀中药组累积生存率高于模型组(2=4.428,P<0.05).与模型组相比,空白组、清热化瘀中药组和复方甘草酸苷组血清ALT、AST、TBIL及血浆PT水平均显著下降(P<0.01),清热化瘀中药组低于复方甘草酸苷组(P<0.01).与模型组相比,空白组、清热化瘀中药组和复方甘草酸苷组在血清ALB和CHE水平均明显升高(P<0.01),清热化瘀中药组高于复方甘草酸苷组(P<0.01).与模型组相比,清热化瘀中药组和复方甘草酸苷组肝组织损伤程度积分明显下降(1.84±0.13,2.85±0.20vs3.56±0.24,均P<0.01),清热化瘀中药组低于复方甘草酸苷组(P<0.01).结论:清热化瘀中药可显著减轻D-GalN诱导急性肝衰竭大鼠肝细胞的损伤,改善肝功能及肝脏病理并降低ALF模型大鼠的病死率、延长生存期,对ALF患者有潜在的临床应用价值.     

《中华本草》中花类中药外用特点应用分析

目的 统计与分析《中华本草》中花类中药外用的研究现状,以期对中药临床用药提供数据参考。方法 对《中华本草》所收录中药进行一一筛选,以“来源”项下为花、花序、花托、花蕾、花柱等的中药名称纳入数据库,并将纳入的中药相关信息输入Excel表格进行统计分析。统计《中华本草》可外用花类药材的性味归经、毒性、外用功能、用法、用量等信息及花类中药临床使用前处理方式与方法与作用特点,并进行对比分析。结果 《中华本草》共明确记载外用功能的花类中药有127味,来源最多为花（95种,占比74.80%）。性味多寒凉（72种,占比56.69%）,药性全面,临床一花可治疗多种疾病或一种疾病多种花类药物联用治疗。外用用法多种多样,临床使用前处理方法主要为捣敷、研末敷及研末调敷。部分花类中药临床外用功能与主治存在差异,导致花类药物虽作用强大但临床使用较为复杂且很难规范其外用功能与主治。花类中药外用主治疮疡等皮肤病,广泛应用于皮肤科、内科、外科、妇科及儿科等多种领域。统计发现部分花类中药记载不规范,外用用量不明确,大部分为外用适量。结论 花类药材临床外用应用广泛且数量总体较大,但花类药材的外用功能、用法用量仍有待完善。