关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌重建膝后交叉韧带的疗效评价

目的 探讨关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌腱单束重建膝后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)的效果.方法 2004年4月～2005年4月,我院25例(25膝)经关节镜检查证实为PCL断裂,在关节镜下行自体腘绳肌腱单束PCL 重建术,生物可吸收挤压螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带. 结果 手术时间平均90min(80～100min).25例膝术毕PCL重建后后抽屉试验均为阴性.术后住院时间7～14 d,平均10.4 d.25例术后随访12～24个月,平均18个月,23例膝后抽屉试验阴性,2例后抽屉试验1级.术后12个月Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前(44.8±8.1)分提高至(77.8±6.4)分(t=-15.999,P=0.000).按国际膝关节文件编制委员会膝关节标准评价膝关节功能分级,术前异常(C级)10例、显著异常(D级)15例,随访时正常(A级)8例、接近正常(B级)15例、异常(C级)2例(Z=-4.394,P=0.000). 结论 关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定自体腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL创伤小,固定可靠,手术操作简单,术后膝关节功能恢复效果好.     

关节镜下胭绳肌腱部分重建、单束重建和双束重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

目的 研究使用腘绳肌腱进行关节镜下前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤后部分重建、单束重建和双束重建的疗效差异。方法 本研究共包括56例ACL重建病例，其中部分重建11例，单束重建25例，双束重建20例。所有患者术前及随访时均进行IKDC2000、Tegner和Lysholm评分以及常规KT-2000和后推KT-2000测量，并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 平均随访19．84±5．03个月（13～22个月）。对三组的IKDC、Lysholm和Tegner评分的配对t检验显示，术后的IKDC、Lysholm和Tegner评分比术前均有显著改善。后推法KT-2000测量显示，ACL双束重建可以比单束重建获得更好的膝关节稳定性，ACL部分重建组膝关节的稳定性优于单束重建和双束重建组。但常规KT-2000测量无法辨别三种术式之间膝关节稳定性的差异。结论 ACL双束重建可以比单束重建更好地重建膝关节的稳定性，ACL部分重建的临床效果优于单束重建和双束重建；后推KT-2000测量在ACL双束重建和部分重建的术后稳定性评估上可能具有重要的应用价值。     

Femoral attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament

Endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most popular orthopaedic procedures. Correct tunnel positioning is a prerequisite to success. Current surgical techniques are unable to duplicate the complex anatomy and function of the native ACL. Surgery mainly aims at restoring anteroposterior laxity. The ACL is not isometric and only a few fibers are nearly isometric over the full range of motion. However, a nearly isometric behaviour of the ACL graft is desirable. Isometry is mainly influenced by femoral attachment; thus the femoral tunnel position has a greater effect than the tibial on graft length changes. The purpose of this article is to describe the anatomy of the femoral ACL insertion and to discuss the surgical techniques used to replicate it.     

Evaluation of clinical outcomes in anterior cruciate ligament surgery

Clinical outcomes data can be used to facilitate patient management decisions, assess clinician and organizational performance, and to provide evidence for the effectiveness of surgery and rehabilitation. The validity of the inferences made from outcomes data are dependent on the validity of the outcomes measures themselves and the circumstances under which the data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Clinical outcomes may include measures of impairment of body structure and function, activity limitation, and participation restriction. However, because the relationship between impairment and the resulting activity limitation and participation restriction is not direct, and because activity limitations and participation restrictions are of the utmost concern to the athlete, the primary clinical outcome should be measures of activity limitation and participation restriction. Activity limitation and participation restriction may be measured either through direct observation of performance or by general or specific measures of health related quality of life. Clinical outcomes data must be collected systematically to ensure valid inferences from the data.     

The effect of intraosseous graft length on tendon-bone healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using flexor tendon

The current study was performed to understand the relationship between graft length placed within the bone tunnel and intraosseous graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Twenty-four adult beagle dogs were divided into two groups of 12 animals each. In each animal, ACL reconstruction using a 4-mm diameter autogenous flexor tendon graft was done in the left knee. In groups I and II, the graft having a length of 15 and 5 mm, respectively, was placed within the tibial tunnel. The proximal end of the graft was placed through the over-the-top route in all animals. In each group, five animals were sacrificed immediately after surgery, and the remaining seven were sacrificed at 6 weeks postoperatively. Biomechanical and histologic evaluations were performed. In pull out testing, the ultimate failure load and the linear stiffness of the graft-tibia complex harvested at 6 weeks were significantly greater than those harvested at the time-zero period. There were no significant differences in those parameters between groups I and II at 6 weeks. In each group, the perpendicular collagen fibers connecting the tendon to the bone tunnel wall were observed only in the narrow area located close to the intra-articular tunnel outlet. In conclusion, excessively long placement of the flexor graft within the bone tunnel does not result in an additional increase of anchoring strength and stiffness of the graft in ACL reconstruction.     

Effect of hyaluronan on the healing of partially ruptured anterior cruciate ligament of rabbits

The midportion of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of rabbits was partially transected, and the effect of hyaluronan (HA) on its healing was determined. A 1% solution of HA (HA group) or physiological phosphate-buffered saline (control group) was administered intraarticularly, at 0.1 ml/kg body weight, once a week from 1 week after the operation. Two, 4, and 6 weeks after the initiation of HA administration, the ACLs were examined grossly, histologically and immunohistochemically. At 2 weeks, the lacerated portions were completely covered with scar-like tissue in both groups. These tissue areas were smaller in the HA group than in the control group. Histologically in the HA group, the regularity of collagen fibers (indicating the maturity of regenerated collagen fibers) had increased compared to findings in the control group, and the number of fibroblastic cells decreased gradually at a significantly faster rate. The number of inflammatory cells and blood vessels decreased gradually in both groups, with these values being lower in the HA group at each time point but not significantly so. Immunohistochemical examination of the repaired tissue revealed strong staining with anti-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antibody in the HA group 2 weeks after the first HA administration. The staining gradually became reduced, with the rate of reduction being faster in the HA group than in the control group. The stimulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production and the faster reduction of it in the HA group suggests that HA facilitated tissue repair and inhibited the formation of scar tissue.     

The use of frame fixation in the management of open distal extensor mechanism avulsion fracture in a dislocated knee

An avulsion fracture of the tibial tubercle is a common injury in traffic accident. If the fracture is closed, then a comparatively good prognosis can be expected through reinforcement of the bone via osteosynthesis and the use of artificial ligaments. In this case, an open wound was observed in the tibial tubercle, and the wound was so polluted that the healing process was significantly delayed. It was therefore difficult to provide simultaneous surgical treatment and so three operations were required to perform the reconstruction of the extensor mechanism. The reconstruction of extensor mechanism and the frame fixation between the patella and tibia was performed. Six months after the injury, the patient was able to walk without aid, had a range of movement from 5°to 130°, and did not show any indications of ADL disorder. Using this method of frame fixation between the patella and tibia proved to be an effective technique for the reconstruction of the open knee extension mechanism injury.     

关节镜下可吸收空心界面螺钉固定、四股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下可吸收空心界面螺钉固定、四股自体腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的方法及疗效. 方法关节镜下以四股自体腘绳肌肌腱作为ACL替代物,应用(96L-4D)SR-PLA聚丙交酯生物可降解界面螺钉进行移植物固定, 对42例ACL损伤行ACL重建术. 结果 42例术后随访3～22个月,平均11.4月,膝关节活动度均在正常范围.术后Lachman 试验:37例≤1 ,4例2 ,1 例3 .轴移试验:42 例均为阴性.术后Lysholm 评分(89.7 ±9.6)分较术前(49.4±9.1)分显著提高(t=2.12,P=0.038).术后Tegner 活动评分(5.3±1.1)分较术前(2.3±0.7)分显著提高(t=4.13,P=0.008).术后1年MRI示29例可吸收空心界面螺钉部分被吸收;27例重建的韧带位置良好、形态正常;2例韧带在股骨的止点偏前;3例胫骨止点偏前,有轻度顶撞击现象. 结论四股腘绳肌腱是ACL重建的理想替代材料,可吸收空心界面螺钉是ACL重建的理想内固定材料.