五氧化二钒对大鼠的致畸性及敏感期的研究

本文报道用V_2O_5给Wistar大鼠腹腔注射,经1次、多次及整个器官形成期连续染毒的三种方法,以探讨V_2O_5对大鼠的致畸性及作用的敏感期。结果显示:无论是1次或多次染毒,钒对大鼠均具有致畸性、生长发育延缓、胎鼠致死等发育毒性(包括无明显母体毒性情况下),但作用敏感期不很明显。     

Effective control of blood glucose status and toxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by orally administration of vanadate in an herbal decoction.

Vanadium compounds have been well recognized for hypoglycemic effects, but questions remain on gastrointestinal disturbance and possible tissue vanadium accumulation thus slowing the acceptance of vanadium compounds as diabetic therapeutic agents. Our intestinal permeability and toxicity studies of vanadium compounds have suggested that the co-administration of vanadate with Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge decoction could benefit the therapeutic use of hypoglycemic vanadium compounds. In the present paper, we tested the hypoglycemic effects of vanadate ingested in an aqueous extract of S. Bunge using a streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Oral administration of vanadate in S. Bunge herbal decoction produced a stable (free of hypoglycemic shock) and long-lasting ( approximately 70day) control of blood glucose status. Effective protection of animal organs from hyperglycemic damage was also observed. As expected, the herbal extract significantly alleviated vanadium toxicity, i.e. GI stress and metal accumulation. In addition, the result suggesting that vanadium-induced amelioration of the diabetic state appears to be secondary to the preservation of a functional portion of the pancreatic beta-cells which initially survived STZ-toxicity. These studies provide new insight into the therapeutic treatment of diabetics with vanadium compounds.     

Urinary vanadium as a biological indicator of exposure to vanadium

Summary Vanadium was determined in urine and blood of two workers (Worker Nos. 1 and 2 with direct exposure to vanadium pentoxide) and 13 fellow workers (with indirect or no vanadium exposure), and the results were compared by means of personal and stationary sampling of vanadium in air. Worker No. 1, a foreman with the heaviest exposure to vanadium, had a green tongue, complained of frequent productive coughing, and excreted 47 to 124 ng/ml vanadium in his late morning and mid-afternoon urine. Worker No. 2, a helper to the foreman with less exposure, had no green tongue or subjective complaints, and excreted no vanadium at a measurable level even in his mid-shift urine. No vanadium was detected in urine samples from other workers, nor in blood from all workers including Worker Nos. 1 and 2. Application of inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry to measurement of vanadium in biological materials is discussed.     

Metal ion release from titanium-based prosthetic segmental replacements of long bones in baboons: A long-term study

Forty-five baboons that had received titanium-based fiber metal composite segmental bone replacements were studied along with 13 controls without implants. Thirty-eight baboons with implants were sacrificed, and titanium, aluminum, and vanadium levels were assayed in homogenized lung, kidney, spleen, liver, adjacent muscle, and regional lymph nodes. In seven living baboons with implants, blood and urine samples were obtained for trace metal analysis as well as for biochemical and hematological profiles. In the 38 sacrificed baboons with implants, increased titanium levels were noted in the lungs, spleen, adjacent muscle (quadriceps, soleus, and triceps), and regional lymph nodes (inguinal, axillary, and popliteal) in comparison to those of six sacrificed controls without implants. In addition, vanadium was significantly elevated in the lungs of some animals, while aluminum increases were noted in adjacent muscle (quadriceps, soleus, and triceps), lung, and regional lymph nodes (inguinal, axillary, and popliteal). In the seven living baboons with implants, a sixfold increase (p < 0.0005) in the urine titanium level was noted in comparison to that of seven living controls without implants. Additionally, elevated aluminum levels were found in the serum (p < 0.0005) of the group with implants. Biochemical and hematological studies did not indicate statistically significant differences in serum electrolytes, in liver and renal function tests, or in complete blood counts between the seven living baboons with implants and their controls.     

An assessment of the genotoxicity of vanadium

The activities of vanadium oxide (V₂O₃), vanadyl sulfate (VOSO₄) and ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃) in inducing sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations (CAb) were assayed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The toxic concentrations (TC₅₀) for these compounds were found to be 25, 23 and 16 μg elemental vanadium/ml, respectively. At doses 1/50−1/4 TC₅₀, vanadium compounds were able to induce significant increases (P < 0.01) in the SCE frequency with or without the addition of rat hepatic S9 mix. These compounds also induced CAb in the cells at doses closely equivalent to the TC₅₀.     

Jeju ground water containing vanadium induced immune activation on splenocytes of low dose γ-rays-irradiated mice

Vanadium, an essential micronutrient, has been implicated in controlling diabetes and carcinogenesis and in impeding reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. γ-ray irradiation triggers DNA damage by inducing ROS production and causes diminution in radiosensitive immunocytes. In this study, we elucidate the immune activation capacities of Jeju water containing vanadium on immunosuppression caused by γ-ray irradiation, and identify its mechanism using various low doses of NaVO₃. We examined the intracellular ROS generation, DNA damage, cell proliferation, population of splenocytes, and cytokine/antibody profiles in irradiated mice drinking Jeju water for 180 days and in non-irradiated and in irradiated splenocytes both of which were treated with NaVO₃. Both Jeju water and 0.245 μM NaVO₃ attenuated the intracellular ROS generation and DNA damage in splenocytes against γ-ray irradiation. Splenocytes were significantly proliferated by the long-term intake of Jeju water and by 0.245 μM NaVO₃ treatment, and the expansion of B cells accounted for the increased number of splenocytes. Also, 0.245 μM NaVO₃ treatment showed the potency to amplify the production of IFN-γ and total IgG in irradiated splenocytes, which correlated with the expansion of B cells. Collectively, Jeju water containing vanadium possesses the immune activation property against damages caused by γ-irradiation.     

A New Method for Estimating the Retention of Selected Smoke Constituents in the Respiratory Tract of Smokers During Cigarette Smoking

This report describes a new method for estimating the retention of selected mainstream smoke constituents in the respiratory tract of adult smokers during cigarette smoking. Both particulate-phase (PP) constituents including nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), two tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), and gas-vapor-phase (GVP) constituents including carbon monoxide (CO), isoprene (IP), acetaldehyde (AA), and ethylene, were studied. To estimate the amounts of smoke constituents delivered during smoking, we used predetermined linear relationships between the measured cigarette filter solanesol content and machine-generated mainstream deliveries of these selected compounds. To determine the amounts of smoke constituents exhaled, the expired breath was directed through a Cambridge filter pad (CFP) attached to an infrared spectrometer. PP compounds were trapped on the CFP for later analysis and GVP compounds were analyzed in near real time. The smokers' respiratory parameters during smoking, such as inhalation/exhalation volume and time, were monitored using LifeShirt®, a respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) device. The retention of each smoke constituent, expressed as a percentage, was then calculated as the difference between the amount delivered (estimated) and the amount exhaled relative to the amount delivered. We studied 16 adult male smokers who smoked cigarettes according to 3 predefined smoking patterns: no inhalation (pattern A), normal inhalation (pattern B), and deep inhalation (pattern C). For the three PP constituents, the mean retentions for pattern A ranged between 10 and 20%; and while the mean retentions of the two TSNAs were significantly higher for pattern C (84% for NNK and 97% for NNN) than those for pattern B (63% for NNK and 84% for NNN), the mean retentions of nicotine were basically the same between patterns B and C, which were both greater than 98%. For the GVP constituents, the retentions were similar between pattern B and pattern C, although different constituents were retained to different degrees (average values of 33%, 52%, 79%, and 99% for ethylene, IP, CO, and AA, respectively). The differences in the retention between different constituents could be interpreted in terms of each constituent's physical properties such as volatility and solubility. In conclusion, the method described is suitable for studying the retention of selected mainstream smoke constituents in the respiratory tract of smokers.     

Serum and urinary vanadium of workers processing vanadium pentoxide

Summary Serum and urinary vanadium concentrations were investigated in eight men exposed to vanadium pentoxide dust. The creatinine-adjusted urinary vanadium concentrations were found to correlate with serum vanadium concentrations (r=0.81), but not with the vanadium contents of factory air. The urinary vanadium excretion decreased significantly with the time the workers spent out of exposure. At the beginning of their summer holidays the serum vanadium concentration of the workers was 393 ± 223 (S.D.) nmol/l and the urinary excretion of vanadium 73 ± 50 nmol/mmol of creatinine. Three days after exposure the urinary excretion of vanadium was 46 ± 24 nmol/mmol of creatinine. On the 16th day of their holidays vanadium could be detected in the serum (225 ± 83 nmol/1) and in the urine (48 ± 26 nmol/mmol of creatinine) of the workers. Eight family members of the exposed had less vanadium in urine (32 ± 17 nmol/mmol of creatinine). These results suggest that most of the absorbed vanadium is excreted in the urine within one day after a long-term moderate exposure to vanadium dust.     

Vanadium in psychiatry

It has been suggested that vanadium, a potent reversible inhibitor of sodium-potassium-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), is of aetiological importance in manic-depressive illness. The present review submits to critical scrutiny the pertinent literature of (1) the existence of vanadium excess in various tissues; (2) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in erythrocytes from patients with affective illness; and (3) treatment modalities applied to reduce body vanadium or to increase ‘sodium’ activity. Finally, data on vanadium deficiency as well as vanadium poisoning are discussed.