Cross-sectional study of peripheral microcirculation in diabetic patients with microangiopathy: influence of pancreatic and kidney transplantation

Diabetic vascular lesions and peripheral autonomic neuropathy are both closely linked to long-term metabolic control of diabetes. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (P _tcO₂) measurements were made to elucidate whether autonomic neuropathy disturbs the cutaneous microciculatory blood flow, and whether long-term glucose normalization ameliorates such impairment. Twenty-eight type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in whom clinically significant macroangiopathy had been excluded by angiography were studied, subdivided into group An=14; before simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation (SPKT); mean age 35 years, range 22–51 years; mean duration of diabetes 24 years, (range 15–32) years and group B (n=14; mean 31 months, range 2–101 months, after successful SPKT; mean age 35 years, range 19–56 years; mean duration of diabetes 22 years, range 14–29 years). On addition there was a group (group C) of age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n=14; mean age 35 years, range 23–62 years).P _tcO₂ measurements included basal recordings at 44°C on the leg and the foot, functional recordings at 44°C after arterial occlusion of the limb for 4 min, measurements during breathing 5 l oxygen per minute and finally while standing up (stand up dP ₅₀/dt). All subjects underwent extensive cardiac autonomic testing. In this cross-sectional study the recordings of basal values and of the functional parameters after arterial occlusion and during breathing oxygen did not differ significantly between groups A, B and C. The stand-up dP ₅₀/dt values were not significantly different between groups A and B (0.43±0.02 vs 0.47±0.03 mmHg/s, mean ± SEM); but A+B values were significantly higher than in C (0.22±0.01 mmHg/s;P<0.001). These values were correlated significantly with all parameters of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (r range–0.56 to –0.88;P<0.001). It may be concluded that normalization of blood glucose by pancreatic transplantation is not able to ameliorate peripheral microcirculation, but that measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension is a possible new technique for quantifying alterations in the venoarteriolar reflex in peripheral diabetic autonomic neuropathy that lead to disturbed peripheral microcirculation in diabetic patients.     

Risk Stratification Among Survivors of Cardiac Arrest Considered for Coronary Angiography

BackgroundThe American College of Cardiology Interventional Council published consensus-based recommendations to help identify resuscitated cardiac arrest patients with unfavorable clinical features in whom invasive procedures are unlikely to improve survival.ObjectivesThis study sought to identify how many unfavorable features are required before prognosis is significantly worsened and which features are most impactful in predicting prognosis.MethodsUsing the INTCAR (International Cardiac Arrest Registry), the impact of each proposed “unfavorable feature” on survival to hospital discharge was individually analyzed. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association of such unfavorable features with poor outcomes.ResultsSeven unfavorable features (of 10 total) were captured in 2,508 patients successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest (ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and noncardiac etiology were exclusion criteria in our registry). Chronic kidney disease was used in lieu of end-stage renal disease. In total, 39% survived to hospital discharge. The odds ratio (OR) of survival to hospital discharge for each unfavorable feature was as follows: age >85 years OR: 0.30 (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.61), time-to-ROSC >30 min OR: 0.30 (95% CI: 0.23 to 0.39), nonshockable rhythm OR: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.29 to 0.54), no bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation OR: 0.49 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.64), lactate >7 mmol/l OR: 0.50 (95% CI: 0.40 to 0.63), unwitnessed arrest OR: 0.58 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.78), pH <7.2 OR: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.98), and chronic kidney disease OR: 0.96 (95% CI: 0.70 to 1.33). The presence of any 3 or more unfavorable features predicted <40% survival. Presence of the 3 strongest risk factors (age >85 years, time-to-ROSC >30 min, and non-ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation) together or ≥6 unfavorable features predicted a ≤10% chance of survival to discharge.ConclusionsPatients successfully resuscitated from cardiac arrest with 6 or more unfavorable features have a poor long-term prognosis. Delaying or even forgoing invasive procedures in such patients is reasonable.     

Rapid Response to Cyclosporin A and Favorable Renal Outcome in Nongenetic Versus Genetic Steroid–Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome

Background and objectives

Treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and steroid–resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is demanding, and renal prognosis is poor. Numerous causative gene mutations have been identified in SRNS that affect the renal podocyte. In the era of high–throughput sequencing techniques, patients with nongenetic SRNS frequently escape the scientific interest. We here present the long-term data of the German CNS/SRNS Follow-Up Study, focusing on the response to cyclosporin A (CsA) in patients with nongenetic versus genetic disease.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Cross–sectional and longitudinal clinical data were collected from 231 patients with CNS/SRNS treated at eight university pediatric nephrology units with a median observation time of 113 months (interquartile range, 50–178). Genotyping was performed systematically in all patients.

Results

The overall mutation detection rate was high at 57% (97% in CNS and 41% in SRNS); 85% of all mutations were identified by the analysis of three single genes only (NPHS1, NPHS2, and WT1), accounting for 92% of all mutations in patients with CNS and 79% of all mutations in patients with SRNS. Remission of the disease in nongenetic SRNS was observed in 78% of patients after a median treatment period of 2.5 months; 82% of nongenetic patients responded within 6 months of therapy, and 98% of patients with nongenetic SRNS and CsA–induced complete remission (normalbuminemia and no proteinuria) maintained a normal renal function. Genetic SRNS, on the contrary, is associated with a high rate of ESRD in 66% of patients. Only 3% of patients with genetic SRNS experienced a complete remission and 16% of patients with genetic SRNS experienced a partial remission after CsA therapy.

Conclusions

The efficacy of CsA is high in nonhereditary SRNS, with an excellent prognosis of renal function in the large majority of patients. CsA should be given for a minimum period of 6 months in these patients with nongenetic SRNS. In genetic SRNS, response to CsA was low and restricted to exceptional patients.     

7种 eGFR公式早期诊断 CKD的性能评价

目的：评价慢性肾脏疾病流行病学协作组（ CKD-EPI）公式、中国eGFR协作组公式和FQ-eGFR公式计算的估算肾小球滤过率（ eGFR）在慢性肾病（ CKD）中的早期诊断性能。方法测定283例住院成人CKD患者和9307例门诊成人就诊者血清中半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（Cys C）和肌酐（Cr）水平,计算3个CKD-EPI公式（ Cr-、Cys C-和Cys C-C联合公式）、2个eGFR协作组公式（ Cys C-和Cys C-C联合公式）和2个FQ-eGFR公式（Cys C-和Cys C-C联合公式）的eGFR,依次得到eGFR1～eGFR7。住院患者同时测定血浆99m锝-二乙烯三胺五乙酸（99mTc-DTPA）清除率[作为测量GFR（mGFR）],用于其eGFR差异性、一致性以及分析性能评价的金标准。然后回顾性分析了9307例门诊成人就诊者中各eGFR预测CKD的相对发生率（ IRR）。结果 eGFR2、eGFR3与mGFR比较差异均有统计学意义（P均＝0．000）。 eGFR4、eGFR6和eGFR7与mGFR的一致性相关系数（ρc）值均明显高于eGFR1（P均＜0．01）。对于mGFR＜60 mL／（min·1．73 m2）患者,eGFR4、eGFR6和eGFR7的偏差、精密度和准确性无差异（P均＞0．05）,但与eGFR1比较差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）。相比之下, eGFR4的偏差更小[中位数（M）＝0．3 mL／（min·1．73 m2）],eGFR6的精密度更高[标准四分位距（IQR）＝7．7 mL／（min·1．73 m2）],eGFR7的准确性更好（1－P30＝13．8％）。应用eGFR4、eGFR6和eGFR7预测CKD的发生率高于eGFR1（P均＜0．01）,且年长者（＞65岁）与65岁以下者相比其预测CKD发生率更高（P均＝0．000）。结论对于GFR＜60 mL／（min·1．73 m2）的中国成人CKD患者,CKD-EPI公式并不能提供更为准确的肾功能评估。相对而言,中国eGFR协作组Cys C公式、FQ-eGFR Cys C公式或FQ-eGFR Cys C-C联合公式更适用于中国成人CKD的疾病筛查和早期诊断,其中FQ-eGFR Cys C公式用于疾病筛查可尽可能地避免漏诊或误诊。     

Emergency Department Visits after Kidney Transplantation

Background and objectives

In 2011, there were approximately 131 million visits to an emergency department in the United States. Emergency department visits have increased over time, far outpacing growth of the general population. There is a paucity of data evaluating emergency department visits among kidney transplant recipients. We sought to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for emergency department visits after initial hospital discharge after transplantation in the United States.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We identified 10,533 kidney transplant recipients from California, New York, and Florida between 2009 and 2012 using the State Inpatient and Emergency Department Databases included in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We used multivariable Poisson and Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate adjusted incidence rates and time to emergency department visits after transplantation.

Results

There were 17,575 emergency department visits over 13,845 follow-up years (overall rate =126.9/100 patient-years; 95% confidence interval, 125.1 to 128.8). The cumulative incidences of emergency department visits at 1, 12, and 24 months were 12%, 40%, and 57%, respectively, with median time =19 months; 48% of emergency department visits led to hospital admission. Risk factors for higher emergency department rates included younger age, women, black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, public insurance, depression, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and emergency department use before transplant. There was wide variation in emergency department visits by individual transplant center (10th percentile =70.0/100 patient-years; median =124.6/100 patient-years; and 90th percentile =187.4/100 patient-years).

Conclusions

The majority of kidney transplant recipients will visit an emergency department in the first 2 years post-transplantation, with significant variation by patient characteristics and individual centers. As such, coordination of care through the emergency department is a critical component of post-transplant management, and specific acumen of transplant-related care is needed among emergency department providers. Additional research assessing best processes of care for post-transplant management and health care expenditures and outcomes associated with emergency department visits for transplant recipients are warranted.     

梯形式升降电压法在体外冲击波碎石中的应用效果评价

目的：探讨梯形式升降电压法在体外冲击波碎石中的碎石效果。方法对47例泌尿系结石患者在行体外冲击波碎石治疗时运用梯形式升降电压三步法进行碎石治疗。结果本组患者体外冲击波碎石治疗显效率为72．3％,总有效率为87．2％。结论在体外冲击波碎石术中应用梯形式升降电压法碎石效果显著,可促进结石排出。     

尿微量蛋白和尿酶测定在过敏性紫癜患儿早期肾损伤中的临床意义

目的探讨尿微量清蛋白(MA)和尿酶测定在过敏性紫癜患儿早期肾损伤中的临床意义。方法选取120例过敏性紫癜患者作为研究组,过敏性紫癜患儿根据有无肾功损害分为早期肾损伤组和无损伤组,另选取同期该院行健康查体的40例健康儿童作为健康对照组,分析比较各组间尿MA和尿酶水平。结果研究组患者的MA为(17.5±3.8)mg/L、转铁蛋白(TRF)为(0.56±0.34)mg/L、β2-微球蛋白为(β2-MG)为(0.35±0.07)mg/L、N-乙酰-B-D-氨基-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)为(18.6±5.1)U/L,显著高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);早期肾损伤组MA(42.1±21.3)mg/L、TRF(1.65±0.54)mg/L、β2-MG(0.43±0.06)mg/L、NAG(23.1±5.12)U/L,显著高于无损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论尿MA和尿酶检测可以作为监测过敏性紫癜患儿早期肾损伤的指标,有利于早期发现、及时干预,减少并发症的发生。     

血清胱抑素联合尿肾损伤分子-1检测在妊娠糖尿病早期肾损伤中的意义

目的：探讨血清胱抑素（CysC）联合尿肾损伤分子‐1（KIM‐1）在妊娠糖尿病（GDM ）早期肾损伤中的意义。方法该院产科门诊确诊的 GDM 患者70例纳入 GDM 组,70例孕检无异常孕妇纳入正常妊娠组,分别在孕中期和孕晚期采集空腹血清和留取随机尿,检测 CysC 、血清肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）和尿 KIM‐1,比较2组孕妇孕中期和孕晚期结果。结果 GDM 组孕妇孕中期和孕晚期 CysC 、尿 KIM‐1、Cr 均高于正常妊娠组同孕期孕妇,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;GDM 组孕晚期 CysC 、尿 KIM‐1、BUN 高于 GDM 组孕中期,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论联合检测 CysC 、尿 KIM‐1可早期发现 GDM 肾损伤。