反垄断法中滥用市场支配地位的界定

判断企业是否滥用其优势地位应从质和量两个方面进行界定 ,把优势地位的构成和支配地位企业滥用行为的内在性质及表现统一起来 ,从而保证市场竞争公平有序进行。     

卫生法学专业法律诊所教学体系的构建

起源于美国的法律诊所教育以对学生进行法学实践技能教育为目的,在全面培养学生理论联系实际的能力和锻炼各项实用的职业技能方面具有积极作用。我国目前的卫生法学专业在培养学生的实务能力方面存在不足,法律诊所教育对此有较好的弥补作用。因此,本文借鉴美国高校在开展法律诊所教育中积累的专业划分细致、开展校外诊所、注重先期培训、评价机制独特等实践经验,从法律诊所的定位、校内校外双培制、师资队伍的建设、评价机制的确定等方面探讨构建一套科学合理的卫生法学专业法律诊所教学体系。     

An ensemble with the chinese pentatonic scale using electroencephalogram from both hemispheres

To listen to brain activity as a piece of music,we previously proposed scale-free brainwave music（SFBM）technology,which translated the scalp electroencephalogram（EEG）into musical notes according to the power law of both the EEG and music.In this study,the methodology was further extended to ensemble music on two channels from the two hemispheres.EEG data from two channels symmetrically located on the left and right hemispheres were translated into MIDI sequences by SFBM,and the EEG parameters modulated the pitch,duration and volume of each note.Then,the two sequences were filtered into an ensemble with two voices：the pentatonic scale（traditional Chinese music）or the heptatonic scale（standard Western music）.We demonstrated differences in harmony between the two scales generated at different sleep stages,with the pentatonic scale being more harmonious.The harmony intervals of this brain ensemble at various sleep stages followed the power law.Compared with the heptatonic scale,it was easier to distinguish the different stages using the pentatonic scale.These results suggested that the hemispheric ensemble can represent brain activity by variations in pitch,tempo and harmony.The ensemble with the pentatonic scale sounds more consonant,and partially reflects the relations of the two hemispheres.This can be used to distinguish the different states of brain activity and provide a new perspective on EEG analysis.     

Consequences of criminalisation: the Dutch khat market before and after the ban

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the consequences of criminalising khat, with a focus on the changes in law enforcement and the use, availability, price and quality of khat in the Netherlands. Methods: Mixed methods, including law enforcement data, expert interviews, focus group interviews with members of the Somali community, and a survey among 168 current (last month) khat users. Findings: Soon after the law changed (early in 2013), and khat had become an illicit drug, much of the khat imported from Africa was confiscated at Schiphol International Airport and users found it more difficult to obtain fresh khat leaves. About two years after the ban had been implemented, the price of fresh khat at user level had increased tenfold on average, and much of it was of poorer quality (e.g. sold in dried or powdered form). Conclusion: Criminalisation of khat in the Netherlands had substantial consequences for the khat market, predominantly because the ban was actively enforced at a crucial stage in the distribution chain (transcontinental import by air) and there was a lack of alternative transportation routes that could supply users with fresh khat. It is highly likely that the total number of Somali khat users in the Netherlands dropped, but that the proportion of dependent and poor, “problem users” increased.     

Legal aspects of patenting time

Times of embryonic development are naturally occurring phenomena and, therefore, under the caveat that all things in nature without human intervention are not patentable, should not be patentable.     

卫生法学专业人文社会医学的实践教学探讨

为适应我国卫生事业的发展需求,围绕如何培养具备人文精神的高素质卫生法学人才,从树立人文学科实践教学意识出发,在积极完善人文社会医学课程的实践教学设计和实践教学体系的同时,努力提升卫生法学师资队伍的实践教学和人文素养教育能力,以期为我国的社会主义卫生事业培养出优秀的接班人。     

Thermal shrinkage reveals the feasibility of pulse-delay photocuring technique

ObjectivesTo resolve the feasibility of the pulse-delay photocuring technique as a clinical strategy for reducing the detrimental polymerization stress induced in dental composites during the photocuring process.MethodsModel dental composites with high and low-filler contents were cured with the pulse-delay photocuring technique using different combinations of photocuring variables (irradiance, exposure time, and delay time). Irradiance used ranged from 0.1 W/cm² to 4 W/cm². The exposure time of the first pulse varied from 0.2 s to 27.2 s and the delay times ranged from 10 s to 120 s. The radiant exposure was varied from 4 J/cm² to 20 J/cm². A cantilever-beam based instrument (NIST Standards Reference Instrument 6005) was used to implement the photocuring technique for the measurement of the polymerization properties (the degree of monomer conversion, polymerization stress induced due to shrinkage, and temperature change due to the reaction exotherm and curing light absorbance) simultaneously in real-time. These properties were compared with those obtained using the conventional photocuring technique (i.e., using a constant irradiance for a fixed exposure time, a uniform exposure).ResultsThere exists a minimum radiant exposure, such that a reduction in the polymerization stress can be achieved without sacrificing the degree of monomer conversion by using the pulse-delay over the conventional photocuring technique. More specifically, stress reductions of up to 19% and 32% was observed with the pulse-delay when compared with the conventional photocuring technique at an irradiance of 0.5 W/cm² and 4 W/cm², respectively. The reduction occurred when the exposure time of the first pulse was greater than, but closer to, the gelation time (i.e., lower than the vitrification time) of the composite, regardless of the delay time used. Lower thermal shrinkage (contraction) during the post-curing time, rather than the stress relaxation during the delay time or lower degree of monomer conversion as claimed in the literature, is the cause of the reduction in the polymerization stress.SignificanceThe study clarifies a long-standing confusion and controversy on the applicability of the pulse-delay photocuring technique for reducing the polymerization stress and promotes its potential clinical success for dental restorative composites.     

痰热失眠辨治及痰热致病演变规律分析

现代的失眠其病机大多当归为痰热。在疾病的动态演变中,痰热易耗气伤血,使气血失和,痰饮易阻滞气机,使脏腑失和,故临床上单纯的痰热失眠并不多见,常虚实夹杂,较为复杂。辨证分为五型论治:痰热内蕴、心脾两虚型;痰热内蕴、肝气郁结型;痰热内蕴、气阴两虚型;痰热内蕴、心肝火旺型;风痰火上扰型。并进一步探讨痰热致病的演变规律。     

Mandatory infant & childhood immunization: Rationales,issues and knowledge gaps

Globally, infant and childhood vaccine uptake rates are not high enough to control vaccine preventable diseases, with outbreaks occurring even in high-income countries. This has led a number of high-, middle-and low income countries to enact, strengthen or contemplate mandatory infant and/or childhood immunization to try to address the gap. Mandatory immunization that reduces or eliminates individual choice is often controversial. There is no standard approach to mandatory immunization. What vaccines are included, age groups covered, program flexibility and rigidity e.g. opportunities for opting out, penalties or incentives, degree of enforcement, and whether a compensation program for causally associated serious adverse events following immunization exists vary widely. We present an overview of mandatory immunization with examples in two high- and one low-income countries to illustrate variations, summarize limited outcome data related to mandatory immunization, and suggest key elements to consider when contemplating mandatory infant and/or child immunization. Before moving forward with mandatory immunization, governments need to assure financial sustainability, uninterrupted supply and equitable access to all the population. Other interventions may be more effective and less intrusive than mandatory. If mandatory is implemented, this needs to be tailored to fit the context and the country’s culture.