关节镜下应用同种异体肌腱一期重建前后交叉韧带

目的：探讨膝关节脱位后应用同种异体肌腱一期重建前后交叉韧带的治疗效果,并分析可能影响疗效的因素。方法：2006年8月～2008年5月,应用关节镜下同种异体肌腱一期重建膝关节脱位后同时断裂的前后交叉韧带11例,男9例,女2例;年龄19～57岁,平均38．5岁。右膝7例,左膝4例。结果：11例均获得随访,平均13．6个月（7～27个月）,应用改良Lysholm评分标准评价疗效,优8例,良3例,可0例。膝关节功能Lysholm术前评分平均为（49．3±3．5）分,术后膝关节功能Lysholm评分（96．8±3．3）分,与术前相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后膝关节活动范围（121．3±8．6）°,与与术前（83．6±9．3）°相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：关节镜下应用同种异体肌腱一期重建膝关节脱位后前后交叉韧带是一种确切的治疗方法。     

Tendons in the plantar aspect of the foot: MR imaging and anatomic correlation in cadavers

Objective: The purpose of this anatomic imaging study was to illustrate the normal complex anatomy of tendons of the plantar aspect of the ankle and foot using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with anatomic correlation in cadavers. Design: Seven fresh cadaveric feet (obtained and used according to institutional guidelines, with informed consent from relatives of the deceased) were studied with intermediate-weighted fast-spin-echo MR imaging. For anatomic analysis, cadaveric specimens were sectioned in 3-mm-thick slices in the coronal and axial planes that approximated the sections acquired at MR imaging. Results: The entire courses of the tendons into the plantar aspect of the foot were analyzed. The tibialis posterior tendon has a complex distal insertion. The insertions in the navicular, second, and third cuneiforms bones were identify in all cases using axial and coronal planes. A tendinous connection between the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus tendons was identified in five of our specimens (71%). The coronal plane provided the best evaluation. The peroneus longus tendon changes its direction at three points then obliquely crosses the sole and inserts in the base of the first metatarsal bone and the plantar aspect of the first cuneiform. Conclusions: MR imaging provides detailed information about the anatomy of tendons in the plantar aspect of the ankle and foot. It allows analysis of their insertions and the intertendinous connection between the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus tendons.     

Distal intersection tenosynovitis of the wrist: a lesser-known extensor tendinopathy with characteristic MR imaging features

Objective To present the MRI imaging findings of extensor tenosynovitis at the distal intersection or crossover between the second (extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and brevis (ECRB)) and third (extensor pollicis longus (EPL)) extensor compartment tendons, and the anatomical details that may play a role in the pathogenesis of this condition. Design and patients The imaging studies and clinical records of five patients (three females and two males, with ages ranging between 22 and 78 years; mean age, 49 years) presenting with pain on the dorsal and radial aspect of the wrist were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists in consensus. Three cases were identified serendipitously during routine clinical reading sessions; a follow-up computerized database search for additional cases reported in the prior two years yielded two additional cases. The overall number of cases screened was 1,031. The diagnosis of tendinopathy affecting the second and third compartment extensor tendons was made on the basis of MRI findings and clinical follow-up, or synovectomy. Results All patients showed signs of tenosynovitis: in four patients both the tendons of the second and third extensor compartments were affected; the fifth patient showed signs of tenosynovitis of the EPL tendon, and tendinosis of the extensor carpi radialis tendons. Three patients showed tenosynovitis proximal and distal to the point of intersection; and in two of them, a discrete point of constriction was appreciated at the crossover site in relation to the extensor retinaculum. Two patients showed tenosynovitis limited to the segment distal to the point of decussation. Tendinosis tended to follow the presence of tenosynovitis. In one of the patients, subtendinous reactive marrow edema in Lister’s tubercle was noted. Conclusion Distal intersection tenosynovitis may be related to the biomechanical pulley effect exerted by Lister’s tubercle on the EPL tendon as it leaves the third compartment and crosses over the extensor carpi radialis tendons, as well as the constraining effect of the extensor retinaculum. These anatomical features determine the presence of characteristic MR imaging findings.     

几丁糖预防肌腱粘连的临床研究

目的　观察医用几丁糖预防肌腱粘连的临床作用。方法　对 2 6例 34条粘连肌腱进行手术松解 ,其中 13例 19条肌腱在粘连松解术后用 2 %的几丁糖涂布在松解肌腱上作为应用组 ;另外 13例 15条松解后肌腱不用几丁糖作为对照组。结果　两组病例术后经过平均 5个月的随访 ,按 TAM法评定疗效 ,应用组 19条肌腱中 ,疗效优良者 17条 ,优良率 89.5 % ;显著高于对照组的 6 0 % (x2 =4.0 5 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　医用几丁糖具有预防或减轻肌腱粘连的作用。     

白藜芦醇对成纤维细胞分泌心钠素及脑钠素的影响

背景：白藜芦醇是从传统中药中提取的多酚类化合物，具有抑制成纤维细胞增殖作用。 目的：观察白藜芦醇对成纤维细胞分泌心钠素和脑钠素的影响，验证白藜芦醇对肌腱瘢痕成纤维细胞增殖的抑制作用。 设计、时间及地点：分组对照观察，与2007-03/12在广东医学院实验动物中心完成。 材料：雌性健康成年日本大耳白兔6只，体质量2.0~2.5 kg。白藜芦醇，中国药品生物制品鉴定所提供，纯度99%，用二甲基亚砜溶解成50 mmol/L储存液，置-20 ℃保存。 方法：采用差速贴壁法体外分离培养兔肌腱瘢痕成纤维细胞。将培养的细胞分为2组，对照组不加药物；白藜芦醇组又分为4个亚组，分别加入25，50，75，100 μmol/L白藜芦醇作用72 h。 主要观察指标：采用放免法及ELISA法检测细胞培养液中心钠素及脑钠素水平；反转录-聚合酶链反应方法检测脑钠素、心钠素mRNA表达；硝酸还原酶法测细胞培养液中一氧化氮水平；化学比色法测细胞上清液中一氧化氮合酶水平；放免法测定细胞内环磷酸鸟苷水平。 结果：白藜芦醇25~100 μmol/L作用细胞后一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶及环磷酸鸟苷水平升高，心钠素、脑钠素水平降低，心钠素、脑钠素mRNA的表达下降，在一定范围内有明显的剂量及时间依赖性。 结论：白藜芦醇在一定浓度范围能降低培养液中心钠素及脑钠素水平，并抑制细胞中心钠素及脑钠素mRNA的表达。     

重建指屈肌腱鞘滑车方法的力学实验研究

目的通过对移植肌腱重建A2滑车的不同缝合方法和宽度进行力学对比分析，为临床重建滑车提供理论依据。方法（1）选用60条新鲜人体指浅屈肌腱，随机分为10组，每组6条指浅屈肌腱。分别用缠绕肌腱一圈（宽0．5cm）和缠绕两圈（宽1．0锄）的方法重建直径为1．5cm的A2滑车。两种宽度均选用Kessler、Tsugel、Bunnell、Kleinert、Koch-mason5种方法缝合肌腱。肌腱缝合后在Css-44020型电子万能实验机上匀速直线拉伸，记录最大抗拉强度，并对该数据进行方差分析。（2）比较两种重建A2滑车的方法对屈肌腱滑动摩擦力的影响。结果所有重建滑车的断裂方式为缝线豁出，无缝线断裂。（1）5种缝合方法中，用指浅屈肌腱缠绕一圈重建A2滑车中，Tsugel法的平均最大抗拉强度为41．65N，大于其他4种方法，两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）用指浅屈肌腱缠绕两圈重建A2滑车法中，Tsugel法的平均最大抗拉强度为221．47N，大于其他4种方法，两者差异有统计意义（P〈0．05）。（3）用指浅屈肌腱缠绕两圈重建A2滑车法比缠绕一圈的方法对指屈肌腱的摩擦力小，两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论（1）5种缝合方法中，Tsugel法重建A2滑车的最大抗拉强度最大。（2）用指浅屈肌腱重建A2滑车缠绕两圈法的最大抗拉强度较缠绕一圈的最大抗拉强度大。（3）用指浅屈肌腱缠绕两圈重建A2滑车法对指屈肌腱的滑动摩擦力小于缠绕一圈重建滑车法，并在一定程度上克服了对指屈肌腱的绞勒作用。     

Calcification in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystalline deposits in the knee: anatomic,radiographic, MR imaging,and histologic study in cadavers

Objective To demonstrate and determine the frequency and location of calcification within cadaveric knees with or without calcification typical of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), utilizing histologic, radiographic and MR imaging techniques.Design and patients Ten cadaveric knees of elderly individuals that demonstrated no radiographic evidence of prior surgery or trauma were studied with MR imaging and subsequently sectioned in planes corresponding to those obtained with MR imaging. The slices were imaged with high-resolution radiography. Two musculoskeletal radiologists correlated the anatomic, MR and radiographic findings. Three of the knees, which did not demonstrate calcifications, were utilized as controls. Histologic sections were obtained from four knees that contained calcifications and from the three controls, and analyzed with special histologic stains that demonstrate phosphorus and calcium.Results Radiographic imaging and histologic analysis demonstrated widespread CPPD crystal deposition in four of the 10 knee specimens (40%). MR imaging demonstrated some calcifications only within the articular cartilage of the femoral condyles in three of the four (75%) specimens that had CPPD deposits. In all four specimens radiographs and histologic analysis were more sensitive than MR imaging. Histologic analysis demonstrated no evidence of CPPD crystals in the control specimens.Conclusion MR imaging is insensitive to the presence of CPPD deposits in the knee, even when such deposits are widespread. Our study suggests that the sensitivity of MR imaging was significantly better in detecting CPPD deposits in the hyaline cartilage of the femoral condyles when compared with other internal structures, even when such structures contained a higher amount of calcification.     

Intersection syndrome: MR imaging with anatomic comparison of the distal forearm

Objective To correlate the anatomic and MR imaging characteristics of the area of intersection of the first and the second dorsal extensor tendon compartments (DETC) in the distal forearm in an attempt to improve the design of MR imaging protocols used for the evaluation of intersection syndrome.Design and patients Ten forearms of nine cadavers underwent MR imaging in the axial and sagittal-oblique planes before and after tenography with direct injection of a gadolinium-containing contrast agent into the first DETC in four forearms, the second DETC in four forearms, and both compartments in the remaining two forearms. The area of intersection between the first and second DETC was identified in each case as well as its distance from Listers tubercle. Subsequently all forearms were sectioned in the axial (8 forearms) or sagittal-oblique planes (2 remaining forearms) to parallel the imaging planes. Detailed examination of each of the anatomic slices was performed in a search for anatomic variations and for possible anatomic connections of the tendons sheaths. One forearm was dissected to identify the area of intersection.Results The area of intersection between the first and second DETC occurred between 3.5 cm and 4.8 cm (mean 4.18 cm) proximal to Listers tubercle. After tenography, gadolinium solution was noted in the third DETC in two of four specimens in which the second DETC was injected and in one of two specimens in which both the first and second DETC were injected. Extension of the gadolinium solution between the first and second DETC was noted during isolated injections of either compartment, although this finding may have related to iatrogenic injection effects. The axial plane was the most valuable for assessment of the area of intersection of the first and second DETC.Conclusion MR imaging is a noninvasive method that can be used for the evaluation of distal forearm and wrist pain. Standard wrist protocols do not include the area of intersection between the first and second DETC and, in those cases in which intersection syndrome is suspected, the MR examination must be tailored to include the forearm.     

增生疗法

骨关节炎引发的慢性疼痛目前缺乏针对性的有效治疗。增生疗法以增强韧带、肌腱以及关节囊与骨的附着为目的,通过在患病部位直接注射少量增生液,增强肌腱与韧带的弹性而达到稳定关节、减少疼痛的效果。在骨性关节炎的治疗中可取得显著的疗效。文章从组织学、临床对照研究及营养性因素方面证实了增生疗法的特异疗效,从而对骨性关节炎的发病机制进行了探讨。     

Supraspinatus tendon tears: comparison of US and MR arthrography with surgical correlation

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic reliability of US with MR arthrography in diagnosing supraspinatus tendon tears. Surgical findings were used as the gold standard in detecting tears. A total of 44 patients were assessed with transverse and longitudinal US scans with respect to the long axis of the rotator cuff tendons and then examined with MR arthrography. This technique involved free-hand injection of contrast medium into the shoulder joint. At surgery 20 incomplete and 24 complete tears were observed. Ultrasound offered good results for the large tears, but its sensitivity decreased proportionally with the size of the tears. Magnetic resonance arthrography correctly diagnosed 43 tears, whereas only one false-negative diagnosis of tendinosis was made for a partial tear on the bursal side. Since it improves the diagnosis of small tears, MR arthrography must be performed on all patients for whom surgical repair is necessary in order to restore normal functions.