Effect of lower leg compression during cesarean section on post-spinal hypotension and neonatal hemodynamic parameters: nonrandomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the effect of lower leg compression during cesarean section (CS) on post-spinal hypotension (PSH) and neonatal hemodynamic parameters.MethodsThis study is a nonrandomized controlled clinical trial conducted in the cesarean delivery unit of the National Medical institute, Damanhour, Egypt. The sample included 120 parturients (60 intervention and 60 control). The researchers developed three tools for data collection: sociodemographic data and reproductive history interview schedule, electronic monitoring of maternal hemodynamic parameters, and neonatal hemodynamic assessment sheet. All parturients received ordinary pre-operative care. For the intervention group, a long elastic stocking (ordinary pressure 20–30 mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) was applied on both legs during cesarean section. The control group received the same care without the elastic stocking.ResultsSystolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were significantly higher in the intervention group throughout the entire operation period except in the last 5–15 min. Heart rate was significantly lower in the intervention group. Only 13.3% of the intervention group took ephedrine compared with 45% of the control group. Apgar score was higher among neonates of intervention group compared with the control group at 1 min. Neonatal acidosis was significantly higher in the control group than in the contral group.ConclusionLower leg compression technique can effectively reduce PSH and neonatal acidosis.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography and small‐bowel endoscopy: Present and future

Over the last decade, impressive technological advances have occurred in ultrasonography and small‐bowel endoscopy. Nowadays, endoscopic ultrasonography is an essential diagnostic tool and a therapeutic weapon for pancreatobiliary disorders. Capsule endoscopy and device‐assisted enteroscopy have quickly become the reference standard for the diagnosis of small‐bowel luminal diseases, thereby leading to radical changes in diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. We herein provide an up‐to‐date overview of the latest advances in endoscopic ultrasonography and small‐bowel endoscopy, focusing on the emerging paradigms and technological innovations that might improve clinical practice in the near future.     

LEEP术对绝经后妇女高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变的诊治

目的:探讨绝经后妇女高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变行宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)诊治的临床价值。方法:选择2017年2月-2018年12月于北京妇产医院妇科微创中心因宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)行LEEP术的患者共142例,其中绝经组40例,未绝经组102例。收集2组患者的液基薄层细胞学检查(TCT)、高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测、阴道镜检查及其活检病理结果、LEEP术后病理结果、切缘病变情况,并将上述检查结果进行组间比较。结果:2组患者阴道镜下宫颈转化区类型比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=28.658,P=0.000)。绝经组阴道镜活检与LEEP术后病理符合率为50.00%(20/40),未绝经组符合率为51.96%(53/102),2组差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.044,P=0.854)。绝经组1例LEEP术后病理升级为宫颈癌,未绝经组1例LEEP术后病理升级为原位腺癌。绝经组术后病理切缘阳性8例(20.00%),未绝经组术后病理切缘阳性16例(15.69%),2组比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.381,P=0.537)。2组患者术后TCT检查比较及高危型HPV感染情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:LEEP手术适用于宫颈无明显萎缩的绝经后妇女高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变的诊治,以避免对宫颈病变的漏诊和过度治疗。     

经自然腔道取标本手术在结直肠外科手术中的应用进展

随着腔镜技术的进一步发展以及微创理念应用于结直肠外科疾病的诊治中,结直肠相关疾病的诊治发生了翻天覆地的变化。由传统的经腹手术到腹腔镜手术、经自然腔道手术,再到经自然腔道取标本手术(NOSES),结直肠疾病的外科诊治在微创领域取得了巨大成果。NOSES技术是目前结直肠外科在微创领域前沿的手术方式之一,它通过经直肠、阴道取标本来避免了腹壁的辅助取标本切口,从而将结直肠外科手术进一步微创化。NOSES技术集传统腹腔镜手术的优势与现代微创外科的理念于一体,它在确保手术效果的基础上集中体现了微创、加速康复外科、功能外科、"无疤"等理念的特点。本文主要就国内外各中心开展NOSES技术在结直肠外科诊治开展中的相关经验、心得和体会进行综述。     

Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery: Diagnoses and Surgical Results in 12 Pediatric Patients

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital condition. It responds well to early diagnosis and treatment, but otherwise the prognosis is poor. We present our case series of 12 patients (mean age, 2 ± 2.58 yr; age range, 2 mo–8 yr), emphasizing the diagnostic process and discussing our surgical results. The diagnosis of ALCAPA should be suspected in infants who have dilated cardiomyopathy with electrocardiographic changes that suggest ischemia, and in older children who have isolated mitral regurgitation. When clinical suspicion is high, the results of 2-dimensional echocardiography combined with color-flow Doppler studies in expert hands can establish the diagnosis, thus avoiding angiography in critically ill infants. The treatment of choice in our patients was transfer and reimplantation of the left coronary artery onto the ascending aorta. There were 2 deaths: both were infants in extremis who underwent emergency surgery. An older child with severe ventricular dysfunction was given mechanical ventricular assistance and then heart transplantation. As of this report, all 10 survivors remained well and asymptomatic.     

Reduced nontarget embolization and increased targeted delivery with a reflux-control microcatheter in a swine model

PurposeTo evaluate the potential differences in non-target embolization and vessel microsphere filling of a reflux-control microcatheter (RCM) compared to a standard end-hole microcatheter (SEHM) in a swine model.Materials and methodsRadiopaque microspheres were injected with both RCM and SEHM (2.4-Fr and 2.7-Fr) in the kidneys of a preclinical swine model. Transarterial renal embolization procedures with RCM or SEHM were performed in both kidneys of 14 pigs. Renal arteries were selectively embolized with an automated injection protocol of radio-opaque microspheres. Ex-vivo X-ray microtomography images of the kidneys were utilized to evaluate the embolization by quantification of the deposition of injected microspheres in the target vs. the non-target area of injection. X-ray microtomography images were blindly analyzed by five interventional radiologists. The degree of vessel filling and the non-target embolization were quantified using a scale from 1 to 5 for each parameter. An analysis of variance was used to compare the paired scores.ResultsTotal volumes of radio-opaque microspheres injected were similar for RCM (11.5 ± 3.6 [SD] mL; range: 6–17 mL) and SEHM (10.6 ± 5.2 [SD] mL; range: 4–19 mL) (P = 0.38). The voxels enhanced ratio in the target (T) vs. non-target (NT) areas was greater with RCM (T = 98.3% vs. NT = 1.7%) than with SEHM (T = 89% vs. NT = 11%) but the difference was not significant (P = 0.30). The total score blindly given by the five interventional radiologists was significantly different between RCM (12.3 ± 2.1 [SD]; range: 6–15) and the standard catheter (11.3 ± 2.5 [SD]; range: 4–15) (P = 0.0073), with a significant decrease of non-target embolization for RCM (3.8 ± 1.3 [SD]; range: 3.5–4.2) compared to SEHM (3.2 ± 1.5 [SD]; range: 2.9–3.5) (P = 0.014).ConclusionIn an animal model, RCM microcatheters reduce the risk of non-target embolization from 11% to 1.7%, increasing the delivery of microspheres of 98% to the target vessels, compared to SEHM microcatheters.     

盆筋膜解剖及其与直肠固有筋膜关系研究

目的 探讨盆筋膜的结构、范围及其与直肠固有筋膜的层次关系。方法 2020年12月至2021年3月对由广东药科大学生命与生物制药学院人体解剖与胚胎学系及中山大学中山医学院人体解剖学教研室提供的12具（男性5具、女性7具）骨盆标本进行大体观察，并对Denonvilliers筋膜进行组织学观察。结合2019年12月至2021年3月中山大学附属第三医院胃肠外科收治的20例直肠癌病人（男性10例、女性10例）的盆腔磁共振图像和手术视频进行解剖学印证。结果 12具骨盆大体标本显示，盆筋膜与Gerota筋膜相延续，部分纤维于S4水平构成直肠骶骨筋膜，向下与直肠固有筋膜融合终止于联合纵肌；部分纤维与后方骶前筋膜融合构成肛提肌上筋膜及肌间纤维。Denonvilliers筋膜在盆腔前外侧约2点、10点处与盆筋膜相延续构成完整筒状结构，包绕内层由直肠固有筋膜封套的直肠系膜；除“侧韧带”处有盆腔自主神经直肠支、淋巴管、直肠中动脉相连外，两层筋膜形成完整的双筒状结构，横断面呈同心圆状。除直肠支进入直肠固有筋膜外，盆腔自主神经主要分支均位于盆筋膜内层及Denonvilliers筋膜以外，沿直肠固有筋膜轮廓游离能够避免损伤盆腔自主神经。在7具女性骨盆标本中均能见到菲薄的Denonvilliers筋膜结构。直肠癌病人的横断面磁共振图像能够看到直肠固有筋膜与外侧盆筋膜、Denonvilliers筋膜的轮廓和间隙，手术视频资料也可见到完整盆壁筋膜和Denonvilliers筋膜的轮廓。结论 直肠癌手术中，在盆筋膜、Denonvilliers筋膜与直肠固有筋膜两层结构的间隙进行分离，并保持两层筋膜的完整性，对于保证肿瘤根治性和保护排尿及性功能至关重要。     

Effects of exogenous factors on spatial accuracy in neurosurgery

The study aimed to assess the effect of exogenous factors such as surgeon posture, surgical instrument length, fatigue after a night shift, exercise and caffeine consumption on the spatial accuracy of neurosurgical manipulations. For the evaluation and simulation of neurosurgical manipulations, a testing device developed by the authors was used. The experimental results were compared using nonparametric analysis (Wilcoxon test) and multivariate analysis, which was performed using mixed models. The results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. The study included 11 first-year neurosurgery residents who met the inclusion criteria. Hand support in the sitting position (Wilcoxon test p value = 0.0033), caffeine consumption (p = 0.0058) and the length of the microsurgical instrument (p = 0.0032) had statistically significant influences on the spatial accuracy of surgical manipulations (univariate analysis). The spatial accuracy did not significantly depend on the type of standing position (Wilcoxon test p value = 0.2860), whether the surgeon was standing/sitting (p = 0.1029), fatigue following a night shift (p = 0.3281), or physical exertion prior to surgery (p = 0.2845).When conducting the multivariate analysis, the spatial accuracy significantly depended on the test subject (p < 0.0001), the use of support during the test (p = 0.0001), and the length of the microsurgical instrument (p = 0.0397). To increase the spatial accuracy of microsurgical manipulations, hand support and shorter tools should be used. Caffeine consumption in high doses should also be avoided prior to surgery.