健康管理是建设健康城市的重要基石（一）

建设健康城市是世界卫生组织（WHO）在20世纪80年代面对城市化问题给人类健康带来挑战而倡导的一项全球性行动战略。要建设好健康城市，进行健康管理是必由之路。本文从健康城市的概念意义内容入手，介绍了健康管理的定义、意义和内容，并就健康管理与建设健康城市之间的关系进行详细分析和研究，特别是健康城市的指标是健康管理必须要做到的。因此认为，健康管理是建设健康城市的重要基石。     

移民和非移民城市人群饮酒情况及饮酒原因对照研究

目的对照研究两市人群的饮酒及饮酒原因 ,找出影响酒危害的相关因素。方法分层整群随机抽样 ,使用定式问卷和DSM Ⅲ R的诊断标准 ,两市共调查了 93 99人的饮酒情况及饮酒原因。结果非移民城整体及男女饮酒率分别为 5 5 .3 %、77.5 %和 16.3 %。移民城分别为 5 2 .7%、72 .2 %和 11.6%。但移民城饮酒量大 ,与非移民城相比 ,每天皆饮率为 2 .7:1,年饮酒量超过 3 2升纯酒精为 3 .67:1,重度饮酒率为 4.2 4:1,酒依赖率为 2 .16:1。导致饮酒的各社会心理因素 ,移民城远高于非移民城。结论在饮酒原因中社会环境因素是导致酒危害最主要的因素。     

对高血压病人30例海滨疗养前后血压变化的观察

观察海滨综合疗养对高血压病人血压变化的影响。方法采用海边散步，空气浴，景观游览等综合疗养活动。结果30例高血压患者，疗养第5天血压降至最低，后维持在这一水平。疗养前后血压值有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。结论海滨综合疗养因子对高血压病有良好的降压作用。     

An Evaluation of the Effects of INSIGHTS on the Behavior of Inner City Primary School Children

A prevention trial was conducted to evaluate a temperament-based intervention (INSIGHTS into Children's Temperament) as compared to a Read Aloud attention control condition in reducing behavior problems among inner city children. The participants were 148 inner-city first and second grade children, their parents, and their 46 teachers who were from six schools in a Northeastern city. Parents were interviewed on the Parent Daily Report at baseline and every two weeks until the completion of the intervention phase to assess the extent of child problem behaviors in the home. The parents also were interviewed at baseline with the Disruptive Module of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and completed the Brief Symptom Index to assess parental depression. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance with parental depression as a covariate was conducted to examine the children's behavior over the course of the intervention. In order to test the impact of INSIGHTS for the overall sample and to determine whether the intervention was differentially effective for children diagnosed with a disruptive disorder versus those who did not receive a diagnosis, two and three-way interactions were examined and found to be significant. The INSIGHTS intervention was more effective than Read Aloud in reducing children's problem behaviors at home across both the diagnosed and non-diagnosed groups, but demonstrated a significantly greater efficacy among children who were at diagnostic levels compared to those who were within normal levels. Editors' Strategic Implications: The authors describe the promising practice of instructing parents and teachers on how to adapt their behavior management strategies to fit each child's temperament. Replication with a longitudinal follow-up will be necessary to determine whether program effects persist.     

Relationship between country of birth and psychiatric admissions in Western Australia

The rates of admissions in 1976–78 to all hospitals in Western Australia, both psychiatric and non-psychiatric, of patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis were analysed specifically for country of birth and whether they lived in Perth or in country areas. Eastern European migrants had the highest hospitalization rates, and Southern European migrants the lowest. Rates for schizophrenia were high in the Eastern Europeans, and for alcoholism low in Southern European and Asian females and high in Northern European males. The United Kingdom migrants were most like the Australian born in regards to admission rates, diagnostic composition, and in the distribution of hospitalization patterns between psychiatrists and non-psychiatrists. Women, especially Southern European, in the country areas are at special risk to be admitted for neurosis/personality disorder.     

Smoking patterns at a British and at an American medical school

Cigarette smoking among medical students at the University of Bristol (Bristol) and the New York University School of Medicine (NYU) was investigated and differences were subjected to statistical analysis.
At Bristol 34–6% and at NYU 14–3% of respondents classified themselves as regular smokers. Among students in the pre-clinical phase of training the difference between the number of smokers at Bristol and at NYU was not significant. At both schools more clinical students smoked than preclinical students, but only at Bristol did the difference between the number of smokers in the two grade levels reach statistical significance.
There are fewer heavy smokers (consumers of more than twenty cigarettes per day) among the pre-clinical students at Bristol than among preclinicals at NYU. In the clinical year, however, there were slightly (insignificantly) fewer heavy smokers at NYU while there were significantly more at Bristol.
Smokers at NYU acquired the habit at a somewhat earlier age than the smokers at Bristol.
The majority of students at both schools indicated that medical education had not influenced their decision to smoke or not to smoke.
Most smokers—more among the clinical than the pre-clinical students—reported that they were displeased with their habit and that they wished to give it up. Somewhat fewer smokers at Bristol gave that response than students at NYU.
Factors contributing, at least in part, to the differences between smoking patterns observed may be variables of age and years of education.
The widely held but untested belief that precept and example by medical school teachers may be a potent force for modifying the smoking behaviour of health professionals, is in need of research.     

张謇与南通"中国近代第一城"

张謇在兴实业、办教育的同时,致力于城市建设,创造性地构筑起南通"一城三镇"的空间布局,以谋求城、镇、乡三者的整体协调发展.与同时期的西方城市相比,张謇建设的南通足与翟华德所经营的新城(莱奇华斯Letchworth与韦林Welwyn)相媲美;张謇的城市区域思想不仅与盖迪斯的提出的"区域观念"(regional concept)、"组合城市"(Conurbation)理论有暗合之处,同时张謇还是将城市建设与地区发展作综合考虑的这一城市建设思想的实践者.与同时期的中国其他城市相比,南通堪称"中国近代第一城".这一论断的要义在于南通是中国早期现代化的产物,它不同于租界、商埠或列强占领下发展起来的城市,是中国人基于中国理念,比较自觉地、有一定创造性地、通过较为全面的规划、建设、经营的第一个有代表性的城市.张謇对城市建设的认识是超前的,业绩是杰出的,中国城市史及世界城市史都应给这位先驱者以应有的地位,这同样有利于人们以更高的"远见、创新和毅力",迎接当今中国城市发展的"黄金时代"的到来.     

Economic valuation of health risk exposure of restaurant users in Dhaka city

The aim of the study presented in this paper is to estimate the economic cost of health risk exposure of the restaurant users in Dhaka city. In a large-scale survey, 400 restaurant users in Dhaka city belonging to lower-middle to high income group were asked for their preferences for a hypothetical ‘Food Safety Inspection Programme’ using closed ended dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions. The study reveals an average estimated willingness to pay of Tk31 (US$ 0.5) which is 13% of the average restaurant bill per visit per person. Aggregating the overall willingness to pay estimate across the whole population, a reduction in restaurant food-related health risk results in a total economic benefit of Tk2,250 million (US$33million) per year. The study, furthermore, reveals that the respondent' willingness to pay for the Inspection Programme varies with the degree of health risk exposure, respondent' income level, frequency of restaurant visits, the disutility from health risks and the levels of self-protection. Two different health risk indicators, subjective (respondent perceived probability of becoming ill after eating in a restaurant) and objective (experience of negative health incidences from low quality restaurant food), have been used to test the consistency of influence of health risk exposure on stated willingness to pay. Better model fit has been observed with the objective health risk exposure. The results from the statistical models indicate that the offered bid amounts (additional amount of money that the restaurant users need to pay in order to finance the Inspection Programme) affects willingness to pay negatively. We find income, frequency of restaurant visits and health consciousness influencing willingness to pay for the Inspection Programme positively. Finally, our results confirm the hypothesis that willingness to pay for health risk reduction varies positively with the levels of risk exposure independent of the type of indicators (subjective or objective) we use to measure health risk.     

城乡两所医院剖宫产指征比较分析

目的探讨城乡剖宫产指征的异同及其原因。方法对城乡两所医院剖宫产指征进行了回顾性分析。结果城市医院前六位的剖宫产指征是：社会因素、羊水过少、臀位、瘢痕子宫、胎膜早破和胎头位置异常；农村医院前六位的剖宫产指征是：瘢痕子宫、臀位、社会因素、胎膜早破、羊水过少和妊娠高血压综合征。结论城乡影响剖宫产率的主要指征构成基本相同，排位不同，与孕妇对剖宫产的理解程度、受传统观念影响程度、经济情况、围产保健工作和医生是否坚持剖宫产指征有关。     

鸡西市环境卫生生态科技园区规划构想

从指导思想、规划目标和期限、发展的优势和限制因素等方面介绍了鸡西市环境卫生生态科技园区规划，对水循环体系、能源循环体系和废物再利用循环体系进行了论述，并作了经济效益、生态效益和社会效益分析。