Perinatal risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether specific perinatal factors are associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children.MethodsA retrospective case–control study was conducted. All cases of OSAS were obtained from a tertiary pediatric hospital between April 2013 and April 2016. A total of 823 children who had been diagnosed with OSAS were designated as the case group, and 823 children without OSAS were selected with strict criteria to match with the case group by age, gender and body mass index. Logistic regression models were used to determine the perinatal factors associated with childhood OSAS.ResultsPreterm birth (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–3.08) and cesarean section (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03–1.68) were significantly associated with OSAS. Exposure of the mother to smoke (aOR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.57–4.26) was also associated with an increased risk of childhood OSAS. Mothers aged 35 years and above, performing manual labor, and living in suburban areas significantly increased the risk of childhood OSAS. Multiparous mothers decreased the risk of childhood OSAS (aOR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42–0.83). Maternal education, gravidity, prenatal care times, pregnancy-induced hypertension, multiple pregnancies, sex of the child and birth weight were not significantly associated with OSAS in children.ConclusionPerinatal risk factors are important for predicting childhood OSAS. Our findings provide evidence regarding several potentially useful factors for recognizing OSAS in children, which could be important in diagnosis of pediatric OSAS by physicians.     

Prognostiske prediktorer og langtidsforløpet for nevroser og andre psykiske lidelser: 20 års follow-up fra en psykiatrisk spesialistpraksis

Den psykiatriske solopraksis gir muligheter for utvikling av et nÆrt lege-pasientforhold. Vestfold er Norges minste fylke med en befolkning på ca. 174 000 i 1960 stigende til ca. 187 000 i 1980. Forfatteren har arbeidet som psykiatrisk spesialist i Vestfold i hele dette tidsrommet og har således hatt muligheter for å følge mange av pasientene gjennom et langt avsnitt av deres liv. Han har på den måten fått et inntrykk av langtidsforløpet ved psykiske lidelser og likeledes en formening om hvilke kategorier pasienter sorn klarer seg godt eller dårlig. Hensikten med denne undersøkelsen er å objektivisere forløpet og dokumentere bakgrunnsfaktorer med relasjon til prognosen. Ifølge Strømgren (1980) er dette to av flere mulige målsettinger for longitudinelle studier, som ellers stort sett har hatt sitt utgangspunkt i hospitaliserte pasienter og som oftest i endogene psykoser. Foreliggende arbeid omhandler imidlertid et diagnostisert uselektert poliklinisk klientell, og diagnostisk består materialet hovedsaklig av nevroser, men med innslag av psykoser, krisereaksjoner, karakteravvik og misbruksproblematikk.

Forfatteren er takknemlig for finansiell støtte fra Anders Jahres fond til vitenskapens fremme og for verdifull veiledning ved dosent dr. med. Ole Bratfos.     

围产期孕妇生殖道B族链球菌感染和耐药性及不良妊娠结局的研究

目的 通过分析围产期孕妇生殖道B族链球菌(GBS)的感染和耐药性及不良妊娠结局,为临床医师制定有效的预防和治疗措施提供依据.方法 2013年1月至2015年2月,对795例围产期孕妇生殖道分泌物进行GBS培养鉴定与药敏试验,并观察临床症状及不良妊娠结局,对结果进行统计学分析.结果 795例孕妇中共检出GBS携带者256例,带菌率为32.2％.＜30岁组(28.9％)与≥30岁组(42.3％)的带菌率差异具有统计学意义(x2=19.095,P＜0.01).GBS阳性者与GBS阴性者的临床症状发生率(18.8％ vs 8.0％)差异具有统计学意义(x 2=39.514,P＜ 0.01).10种抗菌药物(万古霉素、利奈唑胺、青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢曲松、呋喃妥因、左氧氟沙星、克林霉素、红霉素及四环素)耐药率分别为:0％、0％、0.6％、3.1％、6.6％、9.6％、21.9％、23.8％、29.9％及58.1％.D-抑菌圈试验阳性率为23.9％.GBS阳性组与GBS阴性组比较,胎膜早破、早产、宫内感染及新生儿感染发生率的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 该区围产期孕妇GBS带菌率较高,且高龄者易于感染;围产期孕妇感染GBS可增加不良妊娠结局的发生,应据药敏试验结果选择敏感性抗生素予以临床干预.     

The effects of perinatal hypoxia on the behavioral,neurochemical, and neurohistological toxicity of the metabolic inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid

3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) neurotoxicity and long-term effects of perinatal hypoxia were evaluated in 18 adult rats. Hypoxia-insulted (I) and noninsulted (NI) rats were delivered by cesarean section. Hypoxic insult was effected by submerging dissected uterine horns in warmed saline for 15 min. NI rats were delivered from the adjacent nonsubmerged horns. At postnatal day 90, I and NI rats were trained to perform tasks thought to measure behaviors dependent upon aspects of time estimation (TE), motivation, and learning. At 12 months of age, rats were injected i.p. with escalating doses of 3-NPA (5 mg/kg/day to a maximum of 30 mg/kg/day) immediately after each test session and sacrificed at the end of treatment. Additional male rats were used as untreated controls. Although 3-NPA produced a dose-dependent impairment of performance in each task, the effects were qualitatively similar for each group. A significant difference between I and NI rats was, however, observed in the TE task where NI rats completed less of the task at high doses of 3-NPA compared to I rats. Compared to untreated controls, dopamine concentrations were decreased in caudate nucleus of both I and NI rats after 3-NPA. Specific areas most frequently damaged included cerebral cortex, hippocampal subfield CA1, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum. Lesions usually were less extensive in the I rather than NI members of a littermate pair, suggesting a possible protective effect of perinatal hypoxia against subsequent 3-NPA neurotoxicity.     

Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B transmission in Haimen City,China: Results of a community public health initiative

In regions where hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic, perinatal transmission is common. Infected newborns have a 90% chance of developing chronic HBV infection, and 1 in 4 will die prematurely from HBV-related liver disease. In 2010, the Hepatitis B Foundation and the Haimen City CDC launched the Gateway to Care campaign in Haimen City, China to improve awareness, prevention, and control of HBV infection citywide. The campaign included efforts to prevent perinatal HBV transmission by screening all pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), following those who tested positive, and administering immunoprophylaxis to their newborns at birth. Of 5407 pregnant women screened, 185 were confirmed HBsAg-positive and followed until delivery. At age one, 175 babies were available for follow up testing. Of those, 137 tested negative for HBsAg and positive for antibodies to HBsAg, indicating protection. An additional 34 HBsAg-negative babies also tested negative for antibodies to HBsAg or had indeterminate test results, were considered to have had inadequate immune responses to the vaccine, and were given a booster dose. A higher prevalence of nonresponse to HBV vaccine was observed among babies born to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive mothers and mothers with high HBV DNA titers. The remaining 4 babies tested positive for HBsAg and negative for antibodies, indicative of active HBV infection. The mothers of all 4 had viral loads ≥8 × 10⁶ copies/ml in the third trimester. Although inadequate response or nonresponse to HBV vaccine was more common among babies born to HBeAg-positive and/or high viral load mothers, these risk factors did not completely predict nonresponsiveness. All babies born to HBV-infected mothers should be tested upon completion of the vaccine series to ascertain adequate protection. Some babies of HBeAg-positive mothers with high viral load may still become HBV infected despite timely immunoprophylaxis with HBV vaccine and HBIG.     

积极护理干预对甲状腺功能减退孕妇妊娠结局及胎儿的影响

目的 探讨积极护理干预对甲状腺功能减退孕妇妊娠结局及胎儿的影响。方法 选择2015年3月至2016年3月在武威市妇幼保健计划生育服务中心建档并最终分娩的145例妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退的孕妇作为研究对象,按就诊号顺序编号,随机数字表法分为对照组（72例）和干预组（73例）。对照组患者给予常规孕期指导并给予左旋甲状腺素替代治疗,干预组患者在对照组药物治疗的基础上,增加积极的护理干预措施,包括制定详细诊疗及护理方案,定期进行甲状腺功能减退知识普及、心理疏导、饮食、运动干预。观察并比较两组患者妊娠结局及对胎儿的影响。结果 干预组患者早产及贫血的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预组的新生儿出生体重高于对照组（P<0.05）,胎儿窘迫、胎儿生长受限的发生率均低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者在胎膜早破、死胎、新生儿窒息等方面相比,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 积极护理干预可以有效降低不良妊娠结局发生率,减少对围生期胎儿的不良影响。     

Validating the Psychometric Characteristics of the Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) in a Chinese Context

Background

Perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder (PPTSD) is a common stress-induced mental disorder worldwide. The Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) is an excellent questionnaire that measures the symptoms of PPTSD, but has not been translated into Chinese yet.

149例双胎妊娠临床分析

目的 分析双胎妊娠的临床特点,探讨引起不良妊娠结局的影响因素.方法 随机选取149例2000年1月-2011年12月期间分娩的双胎妊娠产妇,依据分娩方式不同分成2组.其中,阴道分娩组34例,手术分娩组115例.对2组病例资料进行对比分析,主要包括孕妇年龄、孕产次、受孕方式、分娩孕周、分娩方式、孕期并发症、新生儿体重、Apgar评分及围产儿预后等指标,探讨引起不良妊娠结局的影响因素.结果 二种分娩方式产后出血发生率无统计学差异,阴道分娩组新生儿窒息及围产儿死亡率高于手术分娩组(P均＜0.05).孕周增加,围产儿死亡率及新生儿窒息率逐渐降低.围产儿死亡率妊娠＜ 34周者高于≥34周者;新生儿窒息率妊娠＜32周者高于≥32周者(P均＜0.05).胎儿出生体重增加,围产儿死亡率和新生儿窒息率逐渐降低(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析提示在相同孕周下,围产儿体重对预后影响最为明显(P＜0.05).结论 影响双胎妊娠结局主要因素有分娩方式、分娩孕周及胎儿体重.改善双胎宫内发育环境,促进胎儿体重增加和器官成熟,延长孕周,选择合适的分娩时机与方式,适当放宽剖宫产指征,有助于改善母婴尤其是围产儿预后.