The acetabulum: The elusive home run of THR

The objective is to describe the current factors for optimizing positioning of the acetabular component in THR. The emphasis in cup placement today is personalizing the component position for each patientʼs anatomy rather than a “one size fits all” (always put the cup in the same position such as 45° inclination and 15° anteversion). To individualize, the arthroplasty requires remembering the operation is on both sides of the joint (combined anteversion) and implanting the cup in the functional plane of that patient, which requires knowledge of the pelvic tilt at surgery and the changes in the spine−pelvic−hip construct between standing and sitting for that patient. To individualize, the cup position will demand higher precision than has been accepted in the past, such as computer navigation, to augment the experience and instinct of the surgeon in performing total hip replacement. In conclusion, acetabular cup placement is an elusive home run because the complexity of its positioning for each patient requires new preoperative planning, and more precise intraoperative positioning.     

椎体后凸成形技术与微创经皮椎弓根钉技术治疗胸腰段椎体压缩骨折的对比研究

目的 比较经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)和微创内固定术的疗效,为治疗单纯性胸腰段椎体压缩骨折选择手术方案提供临床依据.方法 行PKP及微创内固定手术治疗单纯胸腰段椎体压缩骨折59例.PKP组31例,微创内固定术组28例.记录59例术前术后视觉模拟评分法疼痛评分(VAS)、伤椎前缘高度、Cobb角及伤椎高度恢复率.结果 PKP组及微创内固定组在术后VAS评分、Cobb角、伤椎高度、椎体高度恢复率观测指标中,2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 PKP术后止痛效果优于微创内固定组,微创内固定在矫正脊柱后凸畸形及恢复伤椎前缘高度效果上优于PKP组.     

Can-Help微创椎弓根螺钉系统治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的 探讨Can-Help微创椎弓根螺钉系统治疗胸腰椎骨折临床意义.方法 选择我院2010年4月至2013年1月收治的62例胸腰椎骨折患者作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者采用Sextant微创椎弓根螺钉系统治疗,观察组患者采用Can-Help微创椎弓根螺钉系统治疗,比较两组患者手术时间、X线暴露时间、术中出血量、各时间段ODI指数、Cobb角、VAS评分以及不良反应发生情况.结果 观察组患者手术时间、X线暴露时间以及术中出血量均优于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术前两组患者ODI指数、Cobb角以及VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在治疗后6个月和12个月时,两组患者3项指标均较术前得到较大程度改善,观察组各项指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05 ).两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 Can-Help系统和Sextant系统治疗胸腰椎骨折均能取得较好效果,但Can-Help系统手术时间和X线暴露时间更短,矫正效果更好.     

CBCT在上颌前牙即刻种植中的临床应用

目的：评价锥形束CT（CBCT）在上前牙区即刻种植临床中应用效果。方法：25例上颌前牙即刻种植患者为研究对象,进行CBCT扫描,在配套软件下分析拟种植区牙槽骨骨量及定位植入的情况,与临床手术实际效果进行对比研究。结果：25例上颌前牙即刻种植病例唇侧骨板平均厚度,CBCT测量为（1．4±0．32）mm,手术过程中实际测量为（1．4±0．2）mm,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论：术前运用CBCT测量对上颌前牙牙槽骨的评估具有一定的临床指导作用。     

Optimal marker placement in hadrontherapy: Intelligent optimization strategies with augmented Lagrangian pattern search

PurposeIn high precision photon radiotherapy and in hadrontherapy, it is crucial to minimize the occurrence of geometrical deviations with respect to the treatment plan in each treatment session. To this end, point-based infrared (IR) optical tracking for patient set-up quality assessment is performed. Such tracking depends on external fiducial points placement. The main purpose of our work is to propose a new algorithm based on simulated annealing and augmented Lagrangian pattern search (SAPS), which is able to take into account prior knowledge, such as spatial constraints, during the optimization process.Material and methodsThe SAPS algorithm was tested on data related to head and neck and pelvic cancer patients, and that were fitted with external surface markers for IR optical tracking applied for patient set-up preliminary correction. The integrated algorithm was tested considering optimality measures obtained with Computed Tomography (CT) images (i.e. the ratio between the so-called target registration error and fiducial registration error, TRE/FRE) and assessing the marker spatial distribution. Comparison has been performed with randomly selected marker configuration and with the GETS algorithm (Genetic Evolutionary Taboo Search), also taking into account the presence of organs at risk.ResultsThe results obtained with SAPS highlight improvements with respect to the other approaches: (i) TRE/FRE ratio decreases; (ii) marker distribution satisfies both marker visibility and spatial constraints. We have also investigated how the TRE/FRE ratio is influenced by the number of markers, obtaining significant TRE/FRE reduction with respect to the random configurations, when a high number of markers is used.ConclusionsThe SAPS algorithm is a valuable strategy for fiducial configuration optimization in IR optical tracking applied for patient set-up error detection and correction in radiation therapy, showing that taking into account prior knowledge is valuable in this optimization process. Further work will be focused on the computational optimization of the SAPS algorithm toward fast point-of-care applications.     

脑供血动脉支架患者围手术期并发症的临床分析及对策

目的：分析脑血管支架手术相关并发症发生的原因并寻找对策。方法选择脑供血动脉支架置入术患者224例（248枚）。分析围手术期相关并发症的发生情况。结果224例脑血管支架患者出现并发症19例（8.2%）。其中死亡4例（1.8%）、轻度残疾2例（0.8%）、无后遗症13例（5.8%）。颅外动脉支架14枚,颅内动脉支架7枚。颅外支架并发症远高于颅内支架;颅内支架（42.8%）严重并发症高于颅外支架（7.1%）。合并糖尿病或高血压是支架术后并发症的危险因素。前4年和后4年的手术并发症发病率分别为11.7%、5.38%,差异有统计学意义。结论锁骨下动脉支架、椎动脉起始部支架是相对安全的手术;颅内动脉支架、颈内动脉起始部支架风险性较高。严格的手术适应证及禁忌证、临床医师的操作技术与经验是影响脑动脉支架并发症发生的重要因素。     

后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中两种放置输尿管支架方法的对比分析

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中输尿管支架的放置方法. 方法 2006年7月至2014年5月共完成后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术428例,术中均放置输尿管支架. 预先将输尿管支架分别向两端穿好导丝,经输尿管切口将其向远端插入至膀胱,拔出远端导丝,再向近端插入至肾盂,拔出近端导丝52例(方法一);将输尿管支架上端卷曲部分留下约1cm,其余部分剪掉,将具有可塑性钢丝从输尿管支架直行处侧孔插入至顶端,用操作钳辅助将全部输尿管支架置入输尿管内,包括卷曲部分,操作钳夹在输尿管支架与钢丝分叉处,倒退回抽钢丝,输尿管支架倒退进入输尿管-肾盂内,"倒退法"放置输尿管支架376例(方法二). 结果 所有患者输尿管支架放置均成功,输尿管均用4-0可吸收线间断缝合,其中方法一耗时7～12min,方法二耗时25S～3min. 所有患者拔出引流管时间、拔出导尿管时间、漏尿时间以及术后平均住院日差异无统计学意义(P＞0. 05). 结论 "倒退法"放置输尿管支架操作简单易学、耗时明显减少,大大降低了该手术的难度,值得推广.     

基线低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和脂蛋白（a）浓度升高预示冠状动脉支架术后高风险

目的 观察冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者基线脂蛋白（a）浓度升高是否可预测冠状动脉支架植入术后高风险.方法 本研究入选832例行冠状动脉支架植入术的患者,于冠状动脉支架植入术前收集患者的基线临床资料,依据基线脂蛋白（a）浓度分为脂蛋白（a）浓度较高组（≥300 mg/L）和脂蛋白（a）浓度较低组（＜300 mg/L）.另外,依据基线的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）浓度,将两组患者分别分为LDL-C ＜1.8 mmol/L和LDL-C≥1.8 mmol/L两个亚组.对所有入选患者,于出院后进行电话随访,比较各组的临床终点（主要心血管事件）,包括心血管死亡,非致死性心肌梗死,缺血性脑卒中和冠状动脉血运重建.结果 高脂蛋白（a）组急性冠状动脉综合征和3支血管病变患者比例显著高于低脂蛋白（a）组,差异有统计学意义（67％ vs.78％,P=0.001;35.5％ vs.48.2％,P=0.001）.另外,在LDL-C ＜1.8 mmol/L亚组,脂蛋白（a）高和低浓度组之间临床预后比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.而在LDL-C≥1.8 mmol/L亚组,脂蛋白（a）高浓度组的主要心血管事件和冠状动脉重建的发生率显著高于脂蛋白（a）低浓度组,差异有统计学意义（26.1％ vs.16.6％,P=0.018; 15.4％ vs.7.5％,P=0.006）,且冠状动脉重建的危险比为2.05.结论 基线LDL-C和脂蛋白（a）浓度较高的冠心病患者冠状动脉支架植入术后冠状动脉重建术的发生率显著增加.