新型隐球菌L型的诱导与形态学观察

在高渗液体培养基中,以溶菌酶400～3200μg/ml,二性霉素B0.39～6.25μg/ml,去氧胆酸钠0.06～0.50％均可诱导出新型隐球菌L型。以二性霉素B纸片法或人胆汁也可诱导成功。各方法的诱导结果有些不同。新型隐球菌L型的共同特征为:(1)革兰氏染色性改变;菌体淡染,或呈革兰氏阳性颗粒状,或呈革兰氏阴性圆球状。(2)菌体大小不一,呈圆形、丝状或不规则形。(3)能通过孔径0.8μm的除菌滤器。(4)在高渗平板上形成丝状或颗粒状菌落。(5)透射电镜检查,可见细胞壁有不同程度的缺损。     

慢性体外反搏对高胆固醇血症猪动脉内皮细胞的影响

目的 探讨慢性增强型体外反博（EECP）能否在体修复高胆同醇血症引起的猪动脉内皮细胞（ECs）损伤。方法 高胆固醇血症猪反搏36h后，取前降支进行扫捕电镜检查，收集胸主动脉ECs进行蛋白质组学检查。结果 高脂组冠脉ECs排列不规则、大量脱落、斑块形成，反搏组ECs呈流线型排列、脱落程度显著减轻：与高脂组相比，在反搏组的ECs检测到6种高表达的蛋白。结论 慢性EECP可能通过调节ECs蛋白表达，改善ECs粘附性和代谢及减轻ECs内皮凋亡，从而修复高胆固醇血症对动脉内皮形态和功能的损伤：     

Central processing of sex pheromone,host odour,and oviposition deterrent information by interneurons in the antennal lobe of female Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Physiological and anatomical characteristics of antennal lobe interneurons in female Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were investigated using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Responses of local interneurons and projection neurons to female sex pheromone components, host plant odours, and behaviourally active oviposition deterrents were recorded. We found local interneurons and projection neurons that responded specifically to only one or two of the tested odours, but we also found less specific cells, and neurons that responded to most of the tested odourants. These findings show that there are not only specific olfactory pathways in female moths up to the protocerebral level, but also that integration can begin in the antennal lobe. No correlation was found between the degree of specificity of either local interneurons or projection neurons and their respective morphological characteristics. Specialized and unspecialized local interneurons arborized throughout the antennal lobe. Specialized and unspecialized projection neurons had uniglomerular arborizations in the antennal lobe and sent their axons to the calyces of the mushroom body, and to the lateral horn of the protocerebrum. One specific projection neuron had multiglomerular arborizations and projected only to the lateral horn of the protocerebrum. Projection neurons arborizing in the glomeruli closest to the entrance of the antennal nerve always responded to pheromone components. No other correlations were found between the arborization pattern of projection neurons in the antennal lobe or in the protocerebrum and their response characteristics. The sensitivity of local interneurons and projection neurons was in the same range as that of receptor neurons in olfactory sensilla on the antennae, suggesting a much lower convergence in the central nervous system in females than in the pheromone-processing pathway in males. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

交感神经节培养的形态学观察

目的：观察交感神经节在体外培养中的生长和形态学特点。方法：无菌，取新生大鼠椎旁交感神经节，用Ｍａｘｉｍｏｗ培养法在相差显微镜下动态观察７天。终止２后，用Ｈｏｌｍｅｓ还原银染色法显示神经纤维。结果：交感神经节在壁后１２－１８ｈ开始生长，２４－４８ｈ由交感神经节长出的纤维长约０．５ｍｍ，７２－９６ｈ可见神经纤维伸长到１－２ｍｍ以上，并呈放射状向四周延伸。Ｈｏｌｍｅｓ还原银染色的标本中可见大量银染的神经     

Associations between body morphology and bone mineral density in premenopausal women

To investigate whether body morphology, obesity and its long time evolution were associated with lumbar and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal women of the same age. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: 72 healthy premenopausal women born in 1950 (42 years) with a regular physical activity. Measurements: BMD measured by dual-X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at lumbar spine and proximal femur; body weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI at 20 years (BMI-20), increase in BMI since age of 20 (BMI->20), body circumferences (breast, waist, hip) and their ratios (WHR, BHR, WBR), smoking and alcohol intake. Results: Lumbar spine BMD did not correlate with any anthropometric measurement. Femoral BMDs correlated positively with weight, BMI, BMI-20, breast, waist, WHR and BHR. The BMI-20 explained the 5% and the current BMI the 13% of variance of total femur BMD. After adjustment for weight or BMI, breast circumference and BHR remained significantly correlated with all femoral BMDs sites except neck. Weight was the best predictor for neck BMD (R² = 0.08; p < 0.02), and BHR for Ward's triangle (R² = 0.12; p < 0.01) and trochanter (R² = 0.10; p < 0.001). Alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and age of menarche were not related to BMDs. Conclusion: In premenopausal women of the same age, lumbar spine BMD was not associated with any anthropometric measurement. Greater BHR and its long time of evolution may be determinants of greater femoral BMD (trabecular), whereas body weight may be determinant of femoral neck BMD (cortical). Further studies are needed to determine whether large breast to hip ratio may be considered as a protective factor for femoral osteoporosis.     

Geometric Resistance and Microvascular Network Architecture of Human Colorectal Carcinoma

Objective : To measure the geometric resistance to blood flow in human colorectal carcinoma. Although tumor blood flow is of central importance in both the detection and the treatment of cancer, the determinants of blood flow through the neoplastic circulation are poorly understood. Methods : Human colorectal carcinomas (tissue weight = 272 g ± 43 g (SD), n = 6) were perfused ex vivo with a buffered physiological salt solution of known viscosity at flow rates ranging from 2.5 to 40 ml/min and perfusion pressures from 8 to 100 mm Hg. The geometric resistance was determined from the slope of the pressure-flow curve. For examination of the principal determinant of geometric resistance, the vascular architecture, one of the tumors was perfused with Batson's No. 17 polymer and macerated in KOH to produce a positive vascular cast that was used for measurement of vascular branching patterns and dimensions. Results : The pressure-flow relationship was linear at perfusion pressures above 40 mm Hg, and the geometric resistance, z₀, was constant at approximately 6.5 ± 10⁹g/cm³. Below 40 mm Hg, z₀ increased rapidly. The architecture of the arteriolar and capillary networks of human colorectal carcinoma is similar to those of experimental rodent tumors. Capillaries in planar and nonplanar mesh-works had mean segment diameters of 11 ± 2 and 9.6 ± 2 μm, lengths of 46 ± 24 and 107 ± 40 μm, and intercapillary distances of 46 ± 13 and 74 ± 24 μm, respectively. Conclusions : The geometric flow resistance in neoplastic tissue is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that observed in normal tissues. A decrease in functional vascular cross-sectional area may explain the additional increase in resistance at small perfusion pressures. The observed flow resistance may be due to the specialized arteriolar and capillary network architecture, pressures exerted by proliferating cancer cells, and/or coupling between vascular and extravascular flow. These observations demonstrate that tumor vascularity alone may not be indicative of flow resistance or tumor susceptibility to blood-borne therapeutic agents.     

Long-term neuroretinal full-thickness transplants in a large animal model of severe retinitis pigmentosa

Background The purpose of this study was to explore neuroretinal transplantation in a large animal model of severe retinitis pigmentosa and to establish graft development, long-term survival, graft-host integration, and effects on the host retina. Methods Rhodopsin transgenic pigs, aged 6 months, received in one eye a fetal full-thickness neuroretinal sheet in the subretinal space by means of vitrectomy and retinotomy. Six months postoperatively, eyes were studied in the light microscope and with immunohistochemical markers. Full-field electroretinography (ERG) was performed at 4 and 6 months. Results Laminated grafts with well-organized photoreceptors, rod bipolar cells, and Müller cells were found in five of six eyes. Neuronal connections between graft and host retina were not seen. In the five eyes containing a graft, the number of surviving rods in the host retina was significantly higher compared with unoperated eyes. The ERG did not reveal any significant difference in b-wave amplitude between operated and control eyes, but the cone-derived response in operated eyes increased significantly from 4 to 6 months while the rod response in control eyes decreased significantly. Conclusions Fetal full-thickness neuroretina can be transplanted safely to an eye with severe retinal degeneration. In their major part, the transplants develop a normal laminated morphology and survive for at least 6 months. Graft and host retinal neurons do not form connections. Retinal function in the host is reduced initially by the surgical trauma, but the presence of a well-laminated graft counteracts this effect and rescues rods from degeneration. Supported by The Foundation Fighting Blindness (grant# C-NC02-798-0078), The Faculty of Medicine, University of Lund, The Swedish Research Council, The Princess Margaretas Foundation for Blind Children, The 2nd ONCE International Award for New Technologies for the Blind.     

1020例不孕症的子宫及输卵管形态学分析

用复方泛影葡胺注射液对1,020例不孕症者作子宫输卵管造影。结果:子宫腔形态异常540例。双侧输卵管通畅但形态异常者268例。单侧输卵管通畅但形态异常者110例。结果表明:子宫输卵管形态异常与不孕有密切关系。     

Backspatter from experimental close-range shots to the head

Backspatter is the ejection of biological material from a gunshot entrance wound against the line of fire. This phenomenon was investigated experimentally in transverse gunshots to the heads of calves (n = 9) using two types of 9 mm Parabellum ammunition from shooting distances of 0–10 cm. The resulting bloodstains were documented on white paper placed horizontally 60 cm below the impact site. In this report the analysis was restricted to stains with a diameter > 0.5 mm. Backspatter was documented after every gunshot. The number of stains varied from 31–324 per gunshot and appeared to be independent of the shooting distance. The maximum distance droplets travelled varied from 72–119 cm. The majority of droplets accumulated between 0 and 50 cm. The number of droplets and the distances travelled should be higher in man for anatomical reasons. The direction a single droplet can take comprises every possible angle between the most tangential ones to the skin surface. This resulted in a semi-circle of 180° covered with stains. Skin ruptures of the entrance wound were not observed. The succession of events was documented on high speed film and started with the recoil of the firearm, immediately followed by a blow-out effect of the skin. Large droplets exited approximately 0.7–4 ms after the bullet impacted the skin. The calculated minimum initial velocity of these droplets was 13–61 m/s. Backspatter from gunshots to the head likely is caused by the hot gases expanding subcutaneously and by cavitation-related intracranial overpressure and tail splashing. In three out of nine gunshots, secondary backspatter additionally occurred as a result of droplets produced by a stream of blood from the entrance wound impacting the paper surface.     

原发性肾病综合征病理类型与三联疗法疗效的关系

本文报告原发性肾病综合征50例,Ⅰ型40例,Ⅱ型10例。全部病例均经肾活检确定病理类型,其中系膜增殖性肾炎17例(34％),膜增殖性肾炎12例(24％),毛细血管内膜增殖性肾炎9例(18％),膜性肾病及微小病变性肾病各3例(6％),局灶硬化性肾炎6例(12％)。经“三联疗法”治疗4～6周后,蛋白尿消失者22例,显效率44％,总有效率达94％。除局灶硬化性肾炎外,其余各类型肾炎均取得显著疗效。可能与各类型肾脏疾病免疫损伤程度有关。