深红沙雷菌染色体DNA分子生物学特性研究

院内感染流行病学调查方法已由生物学迈进到分子生物学领域。选用ＨｉｎｄⅢ、Ｅｃｏ ＲＩ、Ｂａｍ ＨＩ、Ｂｇｌ Ｉ和Ｘｂａ Ⅰ限制性核酸内切酶，对某院心外科６名患者术后感染和呼吸机三通接头分离的深红沙雷菌（ＳＲ），分别进行染色体ＤＮＡ酶切图谱（ＲＥＡ）分析，并应用ＰＣＲ技术，从Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中分别扩增出１６ｓ、２３ｓ核糖体核糖核酸（ｒＤＮＡ）基因。以［α＾３２Ｐ］ｄＡＴＰ经缺口平移法标记探针ｒＤＮＡ为广     

Imaging anatomy of the cranio-vertebral junction (occipito-atlanto-axial joint)

The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is directly related to the ability to interpret differences between significant pathology and normal anatomical variations. A multidisciplinary investigation of the cranio-vertebral articulation with CT, MRI, anatomical dissections and sections, 3D reconstruction, and injections of contrast into the joint spaces has demonstrated some of the anatomical structures which can cause differences in CT and MR images. Some of the factors which can contribute to variations observed in clinical imaging include the supraodontoid bursa with varying amounts of fat or containing a Bergmann's ossicle, fat pads related to the transverse ligament or laxity of the ligament, identification of the ossiculum terminale or of the synostosis at the base of the dens, and flow patterns in the vertebral plexus of veins.     

徒手寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉置钉的临床应用体会

目的 探讨徒手植入寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉方法,总结临床应用经验及效果.方法 临床寰枢椎不稳患者16例,男11例,女5例,平均37.5岁;应用钉棒系统.后路正中切口显露寰椎后弓及枢椎椎板,寰椎侧块螺钉进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18～20 mm,与后弓下缘以上2mm的交点,钉道方向在冠状面垂直,矢状面上螺钉头端向头侧倾斜约5°.枢椎进钉点为枢椎下关节突根部中点,钉道与矢状面夹角约15°,横断面夹角约30°.术前JOA评分58～102分,平均72分.结果 术后无1例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.随访7～22个月,平均15个月,JOA评分131～163分,平均145分,改善率86.4％.植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动.结论 寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉徒手植入技术简单、可靠,值得推广.     

Anatomical organization of the cerebrum of the praying mantis Hierodula membranacea

Many predatory animals, such as the praying mantis, use vision for prey detection and capture. Mantises are known in particular for their capability to estimate distances to prey by stereoscopic vision. While the initial visual processing centers have been extensively documented, we lack knowledge on the architecture of central brain regions, pivotal for sensory motor transformation and higher brain functions. To close this gap, we provide a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the central brain of the Asian mantis, Hierodula membranacea. The atlas facilitates in-depth analysis of neuron ramification regions and aides in elucidating potential neuronal pathways. We integrated seven 3D-reconstructed visual interneurons into the atlas. In total, 42 distinct neuropils of the cerebrum were reconstructed based on synapsin-immunolabeled whole-mount brains. Backfills from the antenna and maxillary palps, as well as immunolabeling of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), further substantiate the identification and boundaries of brain areas. The composition and internal organization of the neuropils were compared to the anatomical organization of the brain of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the two available brain atlases of Polyneoptera—the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and the Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae). This study paves the way for detailed analyses of neuronal circuitry and promotes cross-species brain comparisons. We discuss differences in brain organization between holometabolous and polyneopteran insects. Identification of ramification sites of the visual neurons integrated into the atlas supports previous claims about homologous structures in the optic lobes of flies and mantises.     

不同年龄寰枢椎椎弓根的数字化测量

背景：CT重建技术能够提供寰枢椎内部结构的数字化模型,并利用相关软件在模型上进行手术设计及相关参数的测量,为椎弓根螺钉的安全、有效置入提供可靠数据。目的：综述寰枢椎数字化测量的研究进展,为椎弓根螺钉技术在寰枢椎疾患治疗应用中提供理论依据。方法：应用计算机检索1994至2012年PubMed数据库、维普数据库及万方数据库中有关CT重建在寰枢椎椎弓根测量中应用的文献。中文检索词为寰椎椎弓根,枢椎椎弓根,计算机辅助设计,数字化,成人,儿童。英文检索词为atlaspedicle,axispedicle,digitization,computer-aideddesign,children。初检得到110篇文献,40篇文献最终进入结果分析。结果与结论：应用CT重建技术可获得清晰的颈椎图像,应用现代数字技术直接建立椎弓根进钉通道,根据通道的位置来确定螺钉的定位点、进钉方向及长度,该方法更直接更具体更精确,能够为临床个体化置钉提供指导。国内外对成人寰枢椎椎弓根的研究已经获得了许多重要的科学数据,但关于儿童寰枢椎椎弓根研究的报道较少见。相信随着医学技术的发展和对儿童寰枢椎椎弓根进行较精准的数字化测量,儿童寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术将更加安全、准确。     

Evidence for potentials and limitations of brain plasticity using an atlas of functional resectability of WHO grade II gliomas: towards a "minimal common brain"

Despite recent advances in non-invasive brain mapping imaging, the resectability of a given area in a patient harboring a WHO grade II glioma cannot be predicted preoperatively with high reliability, due to mechanisms of functional reorganization. Therefore, intraoperative mapping by direct electrical stimulation remains the gold standard for detection and preservation of eloquent areas during glioma surgery, because it enables to perform on-line anatomo-functional correlations. To study potentials and limitations of brain plasticity, we gathered 58 postoperative MRI of patients operated on for a WHO grade II glioma under direct electrical cortico-subcortical stimulation. Postoperative images were registered on the MNI template to construct an atlas of functional resectability for which each voxel represents the probability to observe residual non-resectable tumor, that is, non-compensable area. The resulting atlas offers a rigorous framework to identify areas with high plastic potential (i.e. with probabilities of residual tumor close to 0), with low compensatory capabilities (i.e. probabilities of residual tumor close to 1) and with intermediate level of resectability (probability around 0.5). The resulting atlas highlights the utmost importance of preserving a core of connectivity through the main associative pathways, namely, it supports the existence of a "minimal common brain" among patients.     

An MRI based average macaque monkey stereotaxic atlas and space (MNI monkey space)

In studies of the human brain, a standard stereotaxic space such as the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI space) is widely used to provide a common reference for the three-dimensional localization of functional activation foci and anatomical structures, enabling the comparison of results obtained across different studies. Here we present a standard macaque monkey brain MRI template that offers a common stereotaxic reference frame to localize anatomical and functional information in an organized and reliable way for comparison across individual monkeys and studies. We have used MRI volumes from a group of 25 normal adult macaque monkeys (18 cynomolgus and 7 rhesus) to create a common standard macaque monkey brain as well as atlases for each of these species separately. In addition, the digital macaque monkey volume was subjected to 3D volumetric analysis and comparison of brain structures between the individual brains and the average atlas. Furthermore, we provide a means of transforming any macaque MRI volume into MNI monkey space coordinates in 3D using simple web based tools. Coordinates in MNI monkey space can also be transformed into the coordinate system of a detailed neuroanatomical paper atlas (Paxinos et al., 2008), enabling researchers to identify and delineate cortical and subcortical structures in their individual macaque monkey brains.     

Inconsistency and uncertainty of the human visual area loci following surface-based registration: Probability and Entropy Maps

Here we created two different multisubject maps (16 subjects) to characterize interindividual variability in the positions of human visual areas (V1, dorsal and ventral parts of V2/3, V3A, V3B, V7, LOc, MT+, and hV4 [or V4v and V8]), which were localized using fMRI and coregistered using a surface-based method. The first is a probability map representing the degree of alignment inconsistency for each area, in which each point in space is associated with the probability affiliated with a given area. The second, a novel map termed an entropy map in which each point is associated with Shannon entropy computed from the probabilities, represents the degree of uncertainty regarding the area that resides there, and is maximal when all areas are equally probable. The overall average probability and entropy values were about 0.27 and 1.15 bits, respectively, with dependencies on the visual areas. The probability and entropy maps generated here will benefit any application which requires predictions of areas that are most likely present at an anatomical point and know the uncertainty associated with such predictions.