脑内注射乙酰胆碱受体抗体IgG对大鼠隔-海马胆碱能系统的损害

目的　探讨乙酰胆碱受体抗体 ( Ach Rab) Ig G对大鼠隔 -海马胆碱能系统的损害及对认知功能的影响。方法　 Ach Rab阳性 Ig G或健康人 Ig G注入大鼠一侧隔 -斜角带核区 ,跳台试验测试大鼠的学习记忆功能 ,乙酰胆碱酯酶 ( Ach E)组织化学法测定颞叶、海马 Ach E阳性纤维 ,免疫组化测定隔 -斜角带核区胆碱乙酰转移酶( Ch AT)阳性神经元。结果　实验组大鼠错误次数 ( 7.8± 1..5 )较对照组 ( 3.6± 1.3)明显增加 ;实验组大鼠颞叶及海马各区 Ach E纤维面密度均明显低于对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ;实验组注射侧 Ch AT阳性细胞数 ( 30 .4 5± 5 .4 1)明显少于实验组非注射侧 ( 5 4 .0 0± 7.5 9)和对照组注射侧 ( 6 3.5 3± 5 .12 ) ;实验组非注射侧明显少于对照组非注射侧 ( 6 8.35± 4 .72 )。结论　内侧隔 -斜角带核区定向注射 Ach Rab Ig G可使胆碱能神经元损害 ,进而导致胆碱能系统功能障碍。因而认为 MG认知功能障碍与中枢胆碱能系统损害有关     

Expression of c-fos, fos B, and egr-1 in the medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during maternal behavior in rats

The spatial and temporal pattern of expression of the protein products of immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos, fos B, and egr-1 were mapped in medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (VBST) during maternal behavior in rats. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated significant increases in the number of cells expressing c-Fos after 2 h of pup exposure, while Fos B levels showed a delayed response, reaching maximal levels after 6 h.     

Cholinergic neurons contain Calbindin-D28k in the monkey medial septal nucleus and nucleus of the diagonal band: an immunocytochemical study

The distribution patterns of choline acetyltransferase (CAT), as a marker for cholinergic neurons, and Calbindin-D_28k (CaBP) immunoreactivities in the forebrain basal ganglia of the Japanese monkeyMacaca fuscata were compared. Similar distribution patterns of CAT and CaBP immunoreactivities were found in the medial septal nucleus (MS) and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (DBB). Double-labeling fluorescence immunocytochemistry revealed that most, but not all, cholinergic neurons were CaBP-immunoreactive in the MS and DBB. The results suggest that CaBP may play a role in the septohippocampal cholinergic neuron system of the monkey.     

Neuropathy in igMλ paraproteinemia

Summary In axonal neuropathies associated with IgM paraproteinemia, reports of antigen specificity of the M-protein are few. A patient with IgM paraproteinemia presented with progressive mononeuritis multiplex. IgM was found deposited in striking amounts in endoneurium and shown to bind specifically to neural proteins and chondroitin sulfates. Direct immune mechanisms, as well as the physical effects of IgM deposition, likely contributed to the development of the neuropathy.     

Anatomical study of the communicating branches between the medial and lateral plantar nerves

The plantar areas of the foot have specific biomechanical characteristics and play a distinct role in balance and standing. For the forefoot surgeon, knowledge of the variations in the anatomy of communicating branches is important for plantar reconstruction, local injection therapy and an excision of interdigital neuroma. The anatomy of the communicating branches of the plantar nerves between the fourth and third common plantar digital nerves in the foot were studied in 50 adult men cadaveric feet. A communicating branch was present between the third and fourth intermetatarsal spaces nerves in all eight left feet and in six right feet (overall, 28%), and absent in 36 (72%). A communicating branch was found in 14 ft. Ten of the 14 communications were from the lateral to the medial plantar nerve. The length of the communicating branch ranged from 8 to 56 mm (average 16.4 mm) and its diameter was 0.2–0.6 times of the fourth common plantar digital nerve. The angle of the communicating branch with the common plantar digital nerve from which it originated was less than 30° in 11 ft, 30–59° in 27 ft, 60–80° in 8 ft, and more than 80° in 4 ft. Classification of the branch is based on the branching pattern of the communicating branch and explains variations in plantar sensory innervations. We think that the perpendicular coursing communicating branch is at higher risk to be severed during surgery.     

Localization of class i histocompatibility molecule assembly by subfractionation of the early secretory pathway

Class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex bind peptides derived from cytosolic proteins and display them on the cell surface. This function alerts cytotoxic T cells to the presence of intracellular pathogens. Class I molecule assembly requires the association of the heavy chain with β₂-microglobulin, accompanied by peptide loading via specific transporters. This study localizes where these assembly steps take place, using monoclonal antibodies recognizing class I molecules in different assembly states to analyze subcellular fractions of the early secretory pathway. The distribution of peptide-loaded class I molecules was more localized than the distribution of the total pool of class I molecules in the early secretory pathway. Loaded molecules colocalized with the peptide transporter, free heavy chains, and the chaperone calnexin in high density rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes. These data suggest that subunit assembly and peptide acquisition occur at the same intracellular site. Class I molecules also localized to less dense subfractions of the early secretory pathway, which contained comparatively less peptide-loaded molecules than the high density RER fractions, at steady state. Following a 15 °C temperature block, class I molecules accumulated in these less dense membrane fractions, indicating that these fractions represent the intermediate compartment where empty class I molecules are trapped in mutant cells. In the presence of cycloheximide, a pool of class I molecules recycling to the RER was detected, suggesting empty molecules recycle to acquire peptide.     

内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位疗效观察

目的探讨内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析湖北省荆州市中心医院2017年1月至2019年6月通过关节镜辅助下内侧髌股韧带双束重建治疗的29例复发性髌骨脱位患者的临床资料。其中,男10例,女19例,年龄14.0~29.5岁,平均19.4岁。测量TT-TG距离、髌骨倾斜角,计算Caton指数。术前、术后通过Kujala、Lysholm评分评价膝关节功能。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12~36个月,术前TT-TG距离均小于20 mm、髌骨倾斜角小于20°,Caton指数0.9~1.1。所有患者术后均未见脱位复发,术前术后Kujala评分分别为(51.32±5.52)分、(82.45±3.38)分;术前、术后Lysholm评分分别为(53.25±5.85)分、(89.65±4.75)分;术前、术后髌骨倾斜角为13.15°±1.67°,6.94°±1.47°。差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜辅助下内侧髌股韧带双束重建治疗无严重骨性异常的复发性髌骨脱位,操作简单,疗效确切,并发症少,近期随访无复发,可以显著提高膝关节功能。     

Macroscopic study of the adult thymus

Summary The dissection of. 48 cadaveric specimens has been compared with operative findings for a review of the shape, size and site of this gland in the adult. The structure of the thymic compartment and the relations of the thymus, particularly with the vessels of the superior mediastinum and the base of the neck, were studied. The relative positions of the inferior parathyroid glands and the thymus were identified, with respect to the influence of this topography on the surgery of these glands. The arterial suply to the thymus, which is still very abundant in the adult, presupposes a functional organ whose physiologic involution is slow.

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Etude macroscopique du thymus de l'adulte

Résumé La dissection de 48 pièces cadavériques, confrontée à des données opératoires, permet de rappeler la forme, la taille et la situation de cette glande chez l'adulte. La constitution de la loge thymique puis les rapports du thymus avec, en particulier, les vaisseaux du médiastin supérieur et la base du cou sont étudiés. Les positions respectives des glandes parathyroïdes inférieures et du thymus avec l'incidence de cette topographie dans la chirurgie de ces glandes, sont précisées. La vascularisation artérielle de la glande, encore très riche chez l'adulte est en faveur d'un organe fonctionnel dont l'involution physiologique est lente.

     

Epithelium-Free Area in The Thymic Cortex of Rats

The histology of epithelium-free areas in the subcapsular region of the thymus was studied in Wistar rats. Lymphocytes in these areas were CD4/CD8 double-positive, TCR α/β positive in low intensity, and in CD5 labeling either negative or positive in low intensity. There was a high proliferative activity as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in vivo and detected by immunohistochemistry. Various macrophage types were observed. They were either large and round to slightly dendritic, or small and dendritic. Most large cells were positive for MHC Class II, and labeled by the antimacrophage antibodies ED1 and ED2. A few cells were strongly positive for Sudan black, Oil red O, nonspecific esterase, and acid phosphatase; they resembled the large rounded macrophages in the corticomedullary zone, although their MHC Class II and ED2 staining was more intense. A few cells showed features of tingible body macrophages, as they contained cellular debris.Serial sections showed that epithelium-free areas run from the subcapsular area to deep in the cortex, and often border the medulla. This opens the opportunity for immature lymphocytes to move into the medulla and corticomedullary zone without contacting and potential selection with cortical stromal elements other than macrophages in the epithelium-free areas. In this case, the epithelium-free areas may offer a separate intrathymic pathway for T lymphocytes.     

Source Localization of P300 from Oddball, Single Stimulus, and Omitted-Stimulus Paradigms

Three different auditory stimulus paradigms were used to elicit P300 potentials. Normal subjects were tested on the classical rare target stimulus, single-stimulus and omitted-stimulus conditions. Noninvasive identification of the cerebral sources of the event-related potentials (ERPs) was performed using spatio-temporal multiple dipole modeling (BESA software) with individually sized spherical head models. The grand average data of each condition was first independently modeled and these models were used as starting values for modeling each individual subject's data. Models for the rare-stimulus condition and single-stimulus condition both consisted of 6 dipoles. Models for the omitted-stimulus condition consisted of 2 dipoles. The dipole locations of the final individual 6-dipole models for the rare and single-stimulus conditions did not differ significantly from each other or from one previous result obtained from a another group of subjects (Tarkka et al. 1995). Super-imposition of the dipole coordinates on the sterotaxic brain atlas suggests that bilateral deep medial temporal lobe structures are the major contributors to rare and single-stimulus P300s. Because both the wave form morphology and the source model of the P300 elicited by single stimulus were close to those of the rare-stimulus P300 it may be that the underlying neural mechanisms eliciting these P300 potentials are essentially the same.