Acute Kidney Injury in Adults: An Underdiagnosed Condition

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease process that is increasingly common and has an increased rate of adverse outcomes and mortality. It is commonly underdiagnosed in inpatient and community settings by many providers. This article is a comprehensive review of AKI from risk factors to diagnosis to management and follow-up.     

Risk factors for complications and in-hospital mortality: An analysis of 19,834 open pelvic ring fractures

BackgroundOpen pelvic fractures are rare injuries, associated with high patient morbidity and mortality. Few studies have investigated the impact of patient demographics, comorbidities, and injury related factors on complication and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to: (1) identify the overall incidence of complications and mortality after open pelvic fractures, (2) compare patient factors between those who did and did not develop complications, (3) identify perioperative independent risk factors for complications and mortality.MethodsA query was performed for patients with open pelvic fractures between 2007 and 2017 using the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank. Patient and injury specific variables were collected and complications were identified using International Classification of Disease Ninth and Tenth edition Codes. Patient demographic and perioperative data was compared using Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test for categorical variables, and Welch’s t-test for continuous variables. Using pooled data from multiple imputations, logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals of independent risk factors for complications.ResultsA total of 19,834 open pelvic fracture cases were identified, with 9622 patients (48.5%) developing at least one complication. Patients who developed complications were older (35.0 vs 38.1 years), and had higher Injury Severity Scores (17.7 vs 26.5), lower Glasgow Coma Scores (14.2 vs 11.7), and a larger proportion presenting with hypotension (21% vs 6.9%). After pooled regression involving 19 factors, these were the strongest independent predictors of inpatient complication and mortality.ConclusionWe report a mortality rate of 14%, with an inclusive complication rate of 48.5%. Evaluating risk factors for morbidity and mortality for this devastating orthopaedic injury provides knowledge of an inherently sparse population.Level of EvidenceLevel II, Retrospective study.     

中西结合对创伤性截瘫术后尿潴留的护理效果分析

目的考察中西结合护理手段对创伤性截瘫患者术后尿潴留的临床护理效果，为患者提供安全、经济、高效的护理方法。方法收集河北省怀安县人口和计划生育局2008年3月～2012年5月间收治的90名创伤性截瘫患者为研究对象，分为A、B两组。在脊髓休克期与脊髓功能恢复期分别使用不同的中西结合护理手段对创伤性截瘫患者进行护理，治疗一定时间后对护理效果进行考察。结果脊髓休克期内的患者接受间歇导尿与中药利尿饮的护理治疗后，患者经导尿后的尿残余量与护理前相比，有明显下降，泌尿道感染率接近零。A组护理前残余尿量为（336．42±51．21）mL，2、4周后，护理后残余尿量分别为（163．46±39．81）、（336．42±51．21）mL；B组护理前残余尿量为（340．17±47．26）mL，护理后残余尿量分别为（103．24±25．49）、（89．64±31．69）mL，且数据间差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）。脊髓功能恢复期内的A、B两组患者，经过中西结合护理后，2周与1个月后患者自行排尿后尿残余量与护理前相比均有显著下降，A组下降为（103．11±23。57）、（91．83±29.13）mL，B组下降为（103．24±25．49）、（89．64±31．69）mL，且数据间差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01），膀胱功能改善的总有效率为100％。结论中西结合的护理手段对创伤性截瘫患者的尿潴留症状具有较好的临床护理效果，且有安全、高效、经济等优点，值得临床推广应用。     

Lisfranc损伤的早期诊断与内固定治疗

目的探讨Lisfranc损伤的早期诊断要点、手术治疗原则及效果。方法分析2004年4月至2011年2月收治的23例（男17例，女6例；年龄19．0-57．0岁）Lisfranc损伤的病例资料及随访结果。所有患者均采取切开复位内固定治疗，克氏针固定13例，螺钉固定10例。按照Maryland足部评分标准进行疗效评定。结果术后21例得到随访，随访时间6．0-46．0个月，平均（28．5±2．6）个月。所有患者在末次随访时无内固定断裂、复位丢失等并发症，评分为56-97分，平均（86±8）分。其中优6例，良10例，可3例，优良率76．2％。结论对Lisfranc损伤的诊断要紧扣其早期症状和体征，结合放射学检查可以确诊。对Lisfranc损伤应采用切开复位克氏针或螺钉内固定，两种方法均可取得良好效果。     

microRNA对周围神经再生的调控作用

microRNA(miRNA)是高度保守的内源性非编码RNA,在多种生理和病理过程中起着重要的作用。周围神经损伤后,许多miRNA的表达发生显著变化。差异表达的miRNA负向调控其靶基因的表达,从而影响受损周围神经的再生和重塑。本综述从miRNA对神经元、施万细胞、失神经支配肌肉等的影响,阐明miRNA在周围神经过程中的调控作用。对于miRNA在周围神经损伤和再生过程中作用的研究,有助于更好地理解周围神经损伤后的内在分子调控机制,为将miRNA作为临床治疗的靶点提供了坚实的基础。     

Hoverboards: A new cause of pediatric morbidity

IntroductionThe hoverboard, a self-balancing powered scooter, was introduced to the market in 2015 and quickly became one of the most popular purchases of the year. As with similar products, this scooter brought a host of concerns surrounding injuries. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of injuries that coincided with the popularity of hoverboard.MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried from 2011 through 2015 for injuries related to scooters/skateboards, powered (product number, 5042), which includes the hoverboard. Patient data on sex, age, race, diagnosis, most severely injured body part, location where the injury occurred, and narrative of the injury were collected. The estimated injury incidence was calculated and compared on a yearly and monthly basis. Google Trends was used to determine the popularity of the hoverboard over the same time period.ResultsDuring the 5-year study period, there were an estimated 47,277 injuries associated with the hoverboard. In 2015, there was an average 208% (range, 167–278%; standard deviation (SD), 51.8%) increase in the number of injuries compared to any of the previous 4 years. Further analysis of these injuries revealed a significant increase in the number of forearm (475%; range, 310–662%; SD, 159%), leg (178%; range, 133–206%; SD, 34%), and head and neck (187%; range, 179–197%; SD, 7.6%) injuries in 2015 compared to the previous 4 years. The most common type of injury in 2015 was a fracture (38.9%). Analysis of the sites of these fractures between 2014 and 2015 revealed a 752% increase in forearm fractures, which included over a 4000% increase in the number of wrist fractures.ConclusionsGiven the number of injuries caused by these products, safety equipment, such as wrist guards and helmets, should be worn in an attempt to reduce the number of injuries. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of physicians keeping up to date with current trends to best advise their patients on safe practices.     

Baby Gate–Related Injuries Among Children in the United States, 1990–2010

ObjectiveBaby gates are one of the most widely used home safety products to protect children from home hazards. The objective was to describe the epidemiology of baby gate and barrier-associated injuries among children. It was hypothesized that injuries experienced by children ages ≤2 years and those >2 years were significantly different as a result of differences in gate interactions.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted by using nationally representative data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. A total of 1188 actual cases were reviewed and national estimates generated.ResultsAn estimated 37,673 children were treated in emergency departments for injuries associated with gates, yielding an average of 1794 cases annually. The incidence of gate-related injuries increased significantly from 3.9 per 100,000 children in 1990 to 12.5 per 100,000 children in 2010 (P < .001). Patients were primarily boys (61.0%) and were <2 years of age (60.4%). Patients <2 years of age were most often injured by falls down stairs (odds ratio 6.72; 95% confidence interval 6.32–7.16) after the collapse of the gate. Patients aged 2 to 6 were most often injured by contact with the gate (odds ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.95–2.12), resulting in open wounds (55.4%) and soft-tissue injuries (24.2%).ConclusionsGiven the clear dichotomy between injury characteristics of patients aged <2 years and patients aged 2 to 6 years of age, as well as the prevalence of preventable injuries, greater efforts are needed to promote proper usage, ensure safety in product design, and increase awareness of age-related recommendations for use of gates.