超声实时监控下腔内激光闭合治疗大隐静脉曲张的效果

目的分析超声实时监控下腔内激光闭合治疗(EVLT)在大隐静脉曲张中的治疗效果。方法选取2017年3月至2018年3月大隐静脉曲张患者57例(共69条患肢),在超声实时监控下行EVLT,术后1周、1、3、6、12个月随访,均行超声检查。结果术后55条患肢痊愈,其余14条患肢的CEPA分级不同程度下降。术后发生血栓性静脉炎2例,给予消炎止痛治疗,均于术后2周恢复正常;内踝处麻木1例,2个月后自行恢复正常;小腿属支静脉曲张复发1例,为术后2个月出现,复查超声显示对应穿通支存在血流信号,嘱患者继续穿戴弹力袜,病情未再进展。术后超声复查均未见大隐静脉主干存在血流信号,无血栓性静脉炎、皮肤烧灼、下肢深静脉血栓、肺栓塞等并发症。结论超声实时监控下EVLT治疗大隐静脉曲张,是一种微创、安全、有效、美观的治疗方法。     

Awareness during emergence from anesthesia: Features and future research directions

The anesthesia awareness with recall(AAWR) phenomenon represents a complication of general anesthesia consisting of memorization of intraoperative events reported by the patient immediately after the end of surgery or at a variable distance from it. Approximately 20% of AAWR cases occur during emergence from anesthesia. Clinically, these unexpected experiences are often associated with distress especially due to a sense of paralysis. Indeed, although AAWR at the emergence has multiple causes, in the majority of cases the complication develops when the anesthesia plan is too early lightened at the end of anesthesia and there is a lack of use, or misuse, of neuromuscular monitoring with improper management of the neuromuscular block. Because the distress caused by the sense of paralysis represents an important predictor for the development of severe psychological complications, the knowledge of the phenomenon, and the possible strategies for its prophylaxis are aspects of considerable importance. Nevertheless, a limited percentage of episodes of AAWR cannot be prevented. This paradox holds also during the emergence phase of anesthesia which represents a very complex neurophysiological process with many aspects yet to be clarified.     

Toward the elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2020: treatment update and impact assessment for the endgame

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is an important public health problem endemic in 73 countries, where it is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity and a significant impediment to socioeconomic development. It is targeted for elimination by 2020, through preventive chemotherapy using albendazole in combination with either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine citrate. Preventive chemotherapy enables the regular and coordinated administration of safe, single-dose medications delivered through mass drug administration (MDA). Many countries are now scaling down MDA activities after achieving 100% geographic coverage and instituting monitoring and evaluation procedures to establish the impact of several consecutive rounds of MDA and determine if transmission has been interrupted. At the same time, countries yet to initiate MDA for elimination of LF will adopt improved mapping and coverage assessment protocols to accelerate the efforts for achieving global elimination by 2020. This review provides an update on treatment for LF and describes the current global status of the elimination efforts, transmission control processes and strategies for measuring impact and continuing surveillance after MDA has ceased.     

Comparing the accuracy of transcutaneous sensor and 90-day implantable glucose sensor

Background and aimsContinuous glucose monitoring improves glycemic control in diabetes. This study compared the accuracy of the Dexcom G5 Mobile (Dexcom, San Diego, CA) transcutaneous sensor (DG5) and the first version of Eversense (Senseonics,Inc., Germantown, MD) implantable sensor (EVS).Methods and resultsSubjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and using EVS wore simultaneously DG5 for seven days. At day 3, patients were admitted to a clinical research center (CRC) to receive breakfast with delayed and increased insulin bolus to induce glucose excursions. At CRC, venous glucose was monitored every 15 min (or 5 min during hypoglycemia) for 6 h by YSI 2300 STAT PLUS? glucose and lactate analyzer. At home patients were requested to perform 4 fingerstick glucose measurements per day.Eleven patients (9 males, age 47.4 ± 11.3 years, M±SD) were enrolled. During home-stay the median [25th-75th percentile] absolute relative difference (ARD) over all CGM-fingerstick matched-pairs was 11.64% [5.38–20.65]% for the DG5 and 10.75% [5.15–19.74]% for the EVS (p-value = 0.58). At CRC, considering all the CGM-YSI matched-pairs, the DG5 showed overall smaller median ARD than EVS, 7.91% [4.14–14.30]% vs 11.4% [5.04–18.54]% (p-value<0.001). Considering accuracy during blood glucose swings, DG5 performed better than EVS when glucose rate-of-change was ?0.5 to ?1.5 mg/dL/min, with median ARD of 7.34% [3.71–12.76]% vs 13.59% [4.53–20.78]% (p-value<0.001), and for rate-of-change < -1.5 mg/dl/min, with median ARD of 5.23% [2.09–15.29]% vs 12.73% [4.14–20.82]% (p-value = 0.02).ConclusionsDG5 was more accurate than EVS at CRC, especially when glucose decreased. No differences were found at home.     

The validity and reliability of the global index of safety (GIS)

Objective: The global index of safety (GIS) is an adverse event (AE) based instrument designed to evaluate the safety profile of drugs. This paper presents the evaluation of the inter-rater reliability and validity of a 94-item GIS for antipsychotics through Rasch analysis.

Research design and methods: A total of 194 psychiatrists participating in an outpatient pharmacoepidemiologic study of olanzapine in schizophrenia rated the severity that each AE would have on a 5-point scale. Reliability was

determined through a paired comparison design involving the new independent ratings of 101 different psychiatrists participating in another study of olanzapine in acute inpatient units. Spearman's, Pearson's and Intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients were used to estimate the interrater reliability of the AE weights. Validity was analyzed through the Rasch rating scale model.

Results: Reliability coefficient estimates were excellent (Spearman = 0.99, Pearson = 0.99, ICC = 0.98), supporting the inter-rater reliability of the item weights. Through goodness-of-fit statistics and the investigation of the hierarchy of item calibrations, Rasch analysis confirmed the validity of the instrument.

Conclusion: The data presented here on interrater reliability estimates of adverse events related to antipsychotic drugs indicate that GIS is a promising alternative for the evaluation of the safety profile of drugs.     

Remote Monitoring of Heart Failure Patients

“The Teledactyl (Tele, far; Dactyl, finger — from the Greek) is a future instrument by which it will be possible for us to ‘feel at a distance.’ This idea is not at all impossible, for the instrument can be built today with means available right now. It is simply the well known telautograph, translated into radio terms, with additional refinements. The doctor of the future, by means of this instrument, will be able to feel his patient, as it were, at a distance…The doctor manipulates his controls, which are then manipulated at the patient’s room in exactly the same manner. The doctor sees what is going on in the patient’s room by means of a television screen.” —Hugo Gernsback, Science and Invention Magazine, February 1925Heart failure continues to be a major burden on our health care system. As the number of patients with heart failure increases, the cost of hospitalization alone is contributing significantly to the overall cost of this disease. Readmission rate and hospital length of stay are emerging as quality markers of heart failure care along with reimbursement policies that force hospitals to optimize these outcomes. Apart from maintaining quality assurance, the disease process of heart failure per-se requires demanding and close attention to vitals, diet, and medication compliance to prevent acute decompensation episodes. Remote patient monitoring is morphing into a key disease management strategy to optimize care for heart failure. Innovative implantable technologies to monitor intracardiac hemodynamics also are evolving, which potentially could offer better and substantial parameters to monitor.     

基于HACCP理论构建基层药品不良反应培训模式初探

目的探索基层药品不良反应培训模式。方法通过引入HACCP理论,对当前基层药品不良反应培训过程中潜在的风险和危害进行识别、分析并采取有效措施加以预防控制。结果从培训师资、培训内容、培训方式等方面初步构建了基层药品不良反应培训模式。结论在培训过程中,注重抓住关键控制点,即培训内容要结合实际、培训对象要分层次、培训方式要有创新、培训效果要有长期性。     

The Case of the Fever of Unknown Origin

This presentation is by William B. Seaman, professor and chairman of the department of radiology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, who edits “X-Ray Casebook.”     

Peripartum and intrapartum assessment of the fetus

Perinatal death or cerebral palsy are devastating outcomes of pregnancy for families. In an attempt to prevent these outcomes fetal wellbeing is assessed by a variety of means in the antenatal and intrapartum settings. In this review, the most common means to confirm fetal wellbeing, the rationale for their use and evidence of their efficacy in each of these settings are discussed. With respect to labour, the indications for continuous electronic fetal monitoring are presented, together with a guide to interpretation of cardiotocograph (CTG) or fetal blood samples (FBS).     

DECAY RESISTANCE IN THE CYPRESS PINES

The resistance of the heartwood and sapwood of several species of the genus Callitris to attack by the brown rot fungus Coniophora olivacea has been compared. The heartwood of the three forms of C. columellaris, and also of C. macleayana proved to be highly resistant to attack. The heartwood of forms of C. preissii was resistant, and that of C. enderlicheri and C. rhomboides was moderately resistant to this fungus. The sapwood of all the species proved to be uniformly susceptible to attack by the fungus. On the basis of the decay resistance tests, the three forms of C. columellaris could not be distinguished.