Long-term follow-up of intersegmental displacement after orthognathic surgery using cone-beam computed tomographic superimposition

ObjectivesTo evaluate intersegmental displacement during long-term follow-up after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) by mandibular body area superimposition.Materials and MethodsCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 23 patients ages 18−37 years with class III malocclusion before orthognathic surgery were obtained. A three-dimensional (3D) CBCT examination was performed at four stages: surgery (T0), 6 months after surgery (T1), 1 year after surgery (T2), and long-term follow-up (6.1 ± 2.1 years, T3). The CBCT datasets were superimposed on the symphyseal area and the lower part of the distal segment of the mandible between T0 and the other time points (T1, T2, and T3). The reference points (both condyle, coronoid, and sigmoid) were estimated by the CBCT analyzed program.ResultsThe coronoid, condylion, and sigmoid showed changes within 6 months after surgery, but there was no significant change in the intersegmental displacement between 6 months and 6 years after surgery. The distances between the left and right coronoid, condylion, and sigmoid from T0 to T3 were noted.ConclusionsThe change in intersegmental displacement between T0 and T3 affecting relapse after orthognathic surgery was not significantly different. This suggests that the mandible itself may have a stable morphology during the follow-up period.     

Association between hypoplastic condyles and temporomandibular joint disc displacements: a cone beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging metrical analysis

This study investigated the association between hypoplastic condyles and disc displacements without reduction (DDw/oR). Consecutive patients with non-syndromic unilateral condylar hypoplasia were recruited and clinical, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired. Linear measurements including condylar head width, depth, height and condyle length were determined with CBCT while MRI was used to assess disc position, morphology and displacement. A total of 43 patients were enrolled of which 93.02% had a history of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and 83.72% presented with TMD signs and symptoms. Depth and height of the condylar head along with condyle length of hypoplastic joints (6.68 ± 1.67 mm, 4.97 ± 1.25 mm and 14.49 ± 3.02 mm, respectively) were significantly lesser than normal joints (7.77 ± 1.26 mm, 6.35 ± 1.45 mm and 18.20 ± 3.18 mm) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of DDw/oR was significantly higher in hypoplastic joints (79.07% versus 13.95%) (P < 0.001). Joints with hypoplastic condyles had shorter disc lengths (6.99 ± 2.16 mm vs, 8.45 ± 2.26 mm) (P = 0.007). Furthermore, disc displacements were significantly more advanced (8.52 ± 2.84 mm) and severe (76.74% with severe translations) when compared to the contralateral side (4.77 ± 2.97 mm and 32.56%) (P < 0.05). A significant association was observed between condylar hypoplasia and temporomandibular joint DDw/oR with hypoplastic joints exhibiting more severely displaced and deformed discs. DDw/oR coupled with repaired degenerative joint disease may mimic condylar hypoplasia radiographically.     

Clinical protocol for managing acute disc displacement without reduction: a magnetic resonance imaging evaluation

This study investigated the efficacy of a sequential combination of arthrocentesis, mandibular manipulation, and anterior repositioning splint (ARS) in the management of acute temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR). Twenty-one consecutive patients diagnosed with acute DDwoR by Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recruited and managed with this method. Clinical and MRI data were obtained before and at 1 week after treatment. The disc–condyle relationship was determined by disc–condyle angle measurement. Condyle/disc positions were described as x–y coordinates with the summit of the articular fossa as the coordinate origin. Statistical analyses including independent/paired samples t-tests were conducted; significance was set at P < 0.05. Clinical success was observed in 95.2% of patients (20/21) with 22 joints affected by acute DDwoR. After combined treatment and ARS insertion, TMJs with DDwoR showed (a) normal disc–condyle relationships with substantial forward and downward condyle movement and significant disc reduction in closed position, and (b) discs with an intermediate zone located between the condylar head and articular eminence in open position. The combined approach was highly effective in ‘unlocking’ acute TMJ DDwoR and achieving spatial full disc reduction and a normal disc–condyle relationship. The duration of acute DDwoR appears to be critical for success.     

再定位垫治疗颞下颌关节盘可复性移位伴间断性 锁结患者的临床观察

目的 观察再定位垫治疗颞下颌关节盘可复性移位伴间断锁结患者的临床疗效。方法 选取2017年12月至2018年6月大连市口腔医院颞下颌关节门诊接诊的34例患者（男9例,女25例,平均年龄31岁）,经MRI确诊为颞下颌关节盘可复性移位伴间断性锁结,采用再定位垫治疗,治疗期限为6个月,治疗后1个月和3个月进行随访,比较戴用再定位垫3个月、6个月,取下垫后1个月和3个月复查时的关节弹响,疼痛程度、颞下颌关节功能障碍指数和紊乱指数。结果 治疗结束时,34例患者中32例（94.12%）弹响完全消失,1个月复查时,弹响消失患者占88.24%,3个月复查时,弹响消失患者占76.46%;治疗开始后3个月患者疼痛主诉与治疗前相比有明显下降;颞下颌关节功能障碍指数、肌肉压痛指数和颞下颌关节功能紊乱指数均有显著下降。结论 再定位垫治疗关节盘移位伴间断性锁结,在短期内可有效消除关节弹响,缓解疼痛症状,解除功能障碍,利于关节盘获得良好的盘突关节。     

RW(牙合)板对伴颞下颌关节紊乱病的安氏Ⅱ类错(牙合)患者颌位及咬合关系的影响

目的探讨RW[牙合]板(RW-splint)对伴颞下颌关节紊乱病(temporomandibular disorder,TMD)的安氏Ⅱ类错[牙合]患者颌位及咬合关系的影响,以期为此类患者的诊断及设计提供参考。方法收集15例伴有TMD的安氏Ⅱ类错[牙合]患者,采用RW-splint治疗8个月后,通过髁突移位测量仪记录治疗前后髁突在正中关系位(centric relation,CR)和正中[牙合]位(centric occlusion,CO)时颌位(∠ANB,∠SN-MP,S-G0/N-Me)及咬合关系(磨牙、尖牙位移及前牙覆[牙合]覆盖值)的变化值。结果 RW-splint治疗后,15例患者∠ANB值(t=4.971,P=0.001)、∠SN-MP值(t=9.895,P <0.01)均显著增加,S-G0/N-Me变小(t=5.342,P=0.005)。15例患者下颌左右侧第一磨牙相对上颌第一磨牙远中移动均值分别为(1.57±0.79)mm,(1.69±1.29)mm;下颌左右侧尖牙均向远中移动均值分别为(1.54±0.50)mm,(1.51±1.08)mm;前牙覆[牙合]减小,覆盖增加,其均值分别为(1.16±0.60)mm,(1.99±0.85)mm。结论经RW-splint治疗后伴TMD的安氏Ⅱ类患者下颌皆发生顺时针旋转,磨牙及尖牙相对位置均有明显改变。     

Vertical pelvic ring displacement in pelvic ring injury: Measurements in pelvic outlet radiograph and in cadavers

Background:Vertical pelvic ring displacement (VPRD) is a serious injury and needs assessment. Pelvic outlet radiographs are routinely taken. However, relationship of radiographic and actual VPRD is still in question. Thus, measurement of VPRD from pelvic radiographs was studied.Results:Radiographic VPRD from outlet and anteroposterior pelvic views at 10 mm actual displacement were 20.12 ± 1.98 and 4.08 ± 3.76 mm, at 20 mm were 40.31 ± 1.97 and 9.94 ± 7.27 mm and at 30 mm were 58.56 ± 2.53 and 11.29 ± 2.89 mm. Statistical analyses showed that radiographic VPRD from pelvic outlet view is 1.95 times of actual displacement with strong correlation at 0.992 coefficient and strongly significant regression analysis (P < 0.001) with 0.984 of R² value. Whereas, the measurement from anteroposterior pelvic radiograph was not strongly significant.Conclusion:Pelvic outlet radiograph provides efficient measurement of VPRD with 2 times of actual displacement.     

Multidimensional ultrasound imaging of the wrist: Changes of shape and displacement of the median nerve and tendons in carpal tunnel syndrome

Dynamics of structures within the carpal tunnel may alter in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) due to fibrotic changes and increased carpal tunnel pressure. Ultrasound can visualize these potential changes, making ultrasound potentially an accurate diagnostic tool. To study this, we imaged the carpal tunnel of 113 patients and 42 controls. CTS severity was classified according to validated clinical and nerve conduction study (NCS) classifications. Transversal and longitudinal displacement and shape (changes) were calculated for the median nerve, tendons and surrounding tissue. To predict diagnostic value binary logistic regression modeling was applied. Reduced longitudinal nerve displacement (p≤ 0.019), increased nerve cross‐sectional area (p≤ 0.006) and perimeter (p≤ 0.007), and a trend of relatively changed tendon displacements were seen in patients. Changes were more convincing when CTS was classified as more severe. Binary logistic modeling to diagnose CTS using ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 70–71% and specificity of 80–84%. In conclusion, CTS patients have altered dynamics of structures within the carpal tunnel. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1332–1340, 2015.     

两种不同固定方式并椎间融合治疗腰椎双节段病变的临床对比研究

目的:通过与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨方法对比,探讨单侧椎弓根螺钉联合对侧经皮椎板关节突螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨方法治疗腰椎双节段病变的优缺点。方法:选择2009年6月至2011年12月分别采用上述两种固定方法治疗的腰椎双节段病变49例,男17例,女32例,其中单侧椎弓根螺钉联合瞄准器引导下经皮对侧椎板关节突螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨组(A组)23例,双侧椎弓根螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨组(B组)26例。腰椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄症29例,腰椎间盘退变17例,腰椎退行性滑脱(Ⅰ度)3例;L_2,3、L_3,4 1例,L_3,4、L_4,5 30例,L_4,5、L₅S₁ 18例。对比两组病例切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流液量。根据影像资料对比两组病例手术前后病变节段椎间隙高度的变化、腰椎冠状面和矢状面Cobb角变化,观察椎弓根螺钉、椎板关节突螺钉有无松动、断裂,以及椎间融合器有无移位,评价椎间融合情况。采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)对腰部切口疼痛进行评分。术前、末次随访采用JOA下腰痛评分系统,评价两组病例的功能恢复情况。结果:术后切口无感染及皮肤坏死。术中、术后未出现脑脊液漏,未出现马尾或神经根损伤以及下肢神经根功能恶化现象。两组病例切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量和术后切口引流液量对比,A组优于B组。术后72 h,VAS评分A组为2.35±1.20,B组3.11±1.00,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).所有患者获随访,时间12～48个月,平均29个月。所有患者椎间隙高度获得良好的恢复,并有良好的维持,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).未出现椎板关节突螺钉或椎弓根螺钉松动、移位、断裂,亦未出现椎间融合器移位现象。末次随访时两组病例的腰椎冠状面和矢状面Cobb角均获得良好的改善,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).融合率A组为93.5%,B组为96.2%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).末次随访时JOA评分均较术前改善(P<0.01),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定相比,单侧椎弓根螺钉联合瞄准器引导下经皮对侧椎板关节突螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨方式治疗腰椎双节段病变具有切口小、创伤小、操作简单、稳定性好、融合率高、恢复快等优点,可作为部分腰椎双节段病变病例固定融合的较好选择。     

MRI中椎管及硬膜囊大小与单节段腰椎间盘突出症治疗的相关性研究

目的:探讨MRI中椎管及硬膜囊大小对椎间盘突出症治疗方法选择的参考价值。方法:对2010年1月至2012年12月非手术和手术治疗的144例腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中非手术组91例,男55例,女36例,年龄20～ 68岁,平均(43.37±12.48)岁;手术组53例,男28例,女25例,年龄20～ 64岁,平均(42.98±12.95)岁。采用JOA评分(29 分)对两组患者治疗前后的临床表现(包括症状、体征、日常活动受限度和膀胱功能)及效果进行量化评价。同时在腰椎MRI T2轴位测量椎管和硬膜囊大小的相关参数(包括椎管正中矢径和有效矢径、侧隐窝宽度、椎管和硬膜囊面积),并计算有效矢径/正中矢径、隐窝宽度/正中矢径和膜囊面积/椎管面积的比值。将两组患者的各参数值进行统计学比较,并分析其与治疗前JOA评分的相关性。结果:(1)144例患者随访1～3年,平均2.1年。治疗前非手术组和手术组的JOA评分分别为16.27±2.96和12.64±3.30,差异有统计学意义(t=6.319,p<0.01).末次随访非手术组与手术组比较,JOA评分(25.41±2.22 vs 25.76±2.29;t=-0.853,p=0.396>0.05),改善率[(72.95±12.54)% vs (76.80±9.45)%;t=-1.855,p=0.065>0.05]和优良率(84.91% vs 78.02%;χ₂=3.704,p=0.295>0.05)的差异均无统计学意义;但非手术组的复发率(14.29%)较手术组(5.67%)高。(2)手术组椎管正中矢径和有效矢径、侧隐窝宽度、椎管和硬膜囊面积、有效矢径/正中矢径、隐窝宽度/正中矢径均小于非手术组,硬膜囊面积/椎管面积则大于非手术组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(p<0.01).(3)治疗前JOA评分与椎管正中矢径和有效矢径、侧隐窝宽度、椎管及硬膜囊面积有正相关性(p<0.01);与有效矢径/正中矢径、侧隐窝宽度/正中矢径也有正相关性(p<0.05);而与硬膜囊面积/椎管面积有负相关性(p<0.01).结论:非手术和手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症均能获得良好的效果,但非手术治疗复发率较高。术前测量椎管及硬膜囊的MRI参数对椎间盘突出症治疗方法的选择有一定的临床参考价值,但需要进一步完善和临床验证。