儿童白色糠疹与血微量元素的相关性探讨

目的：探讨儿童白色糠疹与血微量元素的相关性。方法：用比色法及原子吸收法测定208例白色糠疹患儿血清微量元素情况，并以747例健康儿童作为对照。结果：白色糠疹患儿缺锌、缺钙者比例明显高于健康对照组，差异有统计学意义（X^2值分别为4．45、6．38，P值均〈0．05）；白色糠疹患儿血清中锌、钙水平明显低于健康对照组，差异有统计学意义（t值分别为2．29、3．59，P值均〈0．05），而镁、铁、铜、铅及25羟基维生素D水平与健康对照组相比，差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论：白色糠疹患儿体内存在缺锌、缺钙情况，临床上应注意早期干预、早期治疗。     

Essential elements in depression and anxiety. Part I

Essential elements are very important for the proper functioning of the human body. They are required for fundamental life processes such as cell division and differentiation and protein synthesis. Thus a deficiency of these essential elements is associated with an enormous health risk that can ultimately lead to death. In recent years, studies have provided valuable information on the involvement of essential elements in psychiatric disorders, in particular depression and anxiety.There is strong evidence indicating that deficiency of essential elements can lead to the development of depressive and/or anxiogenic behaviour and supplementation can enhance therapeutic effect of antidepressants and anxiolytics. This review presents the most important results from preclinical and clinical studies showing involvement of essential elements such as zinc, magnesium, lithium, iron, calcium and chromium in depression and anxiety. From these studies it is evident that different types of depression and anxiety respond to treatment at different receptors indicating that the underlying mechanisms are slightly different. Furthermore, administration of low dose antidepressants supplemented with an element is effective and can reduce unwanted side effects in different types of depression/anxiety.     

股权激励契约设计与公司盈余管理行为

以2006年公告股权激励方案的上市公司为研究对象，运用其股权激励方案公告后3年的相关数据，基于应计项目与线下项目盈余管理的双重计量视角，实证分析股权激励契约的设计对激励后公司盈余管理方式与强度的影响。研究发现：股权激励方案公告后，相关公司应计项目和线下项目的盈余管理都存在，且公司管理层倾向于实施应计项目盈余管理方式。相对于实施业绩股票模式的公司，实施股票期权模式公司的线下项目盈余管理会显著减少，而应计项目盈余管理减少不明显。激励规模越大，行权条件设计的越严格，无论是应计项目还是线下项目盈余管理均会增强。激励计划的有效期设计的越长，线下项目盈余管理会显著减少，应计项目盈余管理减少不明显。     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs基因与可移动遗传元件相关性分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kpn)ESBLs基因与可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)标记基因的携带情况及其相关性。方法 收集从住院患者标本中分离出的产与非产ESBLs Kpn非重复菌株各100株，采用PCR检测细菌中4种ESBLs基因与8种MGEs标记基因，并作指标聚类分析。结果 产ESBLs Kpn中，ESBLs基因阳性率高达100%；MGEs标记基因以IS26、ISEcp1、traA、trbC和intI1基因为主，阳性率高于非产ESBLs Kpn(P<0.05)；ESBLs基因与MGEs标记基因的同时检出率明显高于非产ESBLs Kpn (P<0.05)；基因blaSHV-12、blaOXA-1与MGEs基因tnpU、tnp513、merA、intI1相关联，基因blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-125与MGEs基因ISEcp1、IS26、traA相关联。产与非产ESBLs Kpn均没有只检出MGEs标记基因的菌株。结论 产ESBLs Kpn ESBLs基因和MGEs标记基因携带率高，两者存在相关性，可能是产ESBLs Kpn出现多重耐药的重要原因；MGEs标记基因在Kpn中可能不是单独存在的。     

注射用血栓通中三七元素迁移的规律

目的:分析注射用血栓通中三七从原料到成品全过程的元素迁移规律,以便更好地控制成品中元素杂质。方法:采用ICP-MS法全面分析三七药材、三七总皂苷(中间体)和注射用血栓通中21种元素的含量。结果:21种元素的标准曲线相关系数r均在0. 999以上,回收率在92. 71%～107. 07%之间,RSD均在5%以内。三七药材中铝、铁含量较高,铅、砷、汞、镉、铜符合中华人民共和国药典的相关规定,三七总皂苷(中间体)和注射用血栓通中多数元素均未检出或含量极低。结论:注射用血栓通的提取工艺可有效去除三七中大部分元素,重金属及有害元素也降到较低水平。     

Mineral elements content of wild growing edible mushrooms from the southeast of Spain

Wild-growing mushrooms could be a potential source of mineral elements The aim of this study was to analyze the mineral composition of 18 species of wild-growing mushrooms collected in a natural park from the Spanish southeast (province of Granada). Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu and Zn, were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and P was analyzed colorimetrically by the vanadomolybdate procedure; the accuracy of methods was assessed by the use of certified reference materials. The contribution of mushrooms consumption to the mineral daily recommended intakes was calculated. Although large variations were observed between species, the most abundant mineral elements in the analyzed mushrooms were K and P, with average contents of 29.3 ± 8.1 and 8.60 ± 4.8 g/kg dry matter (dm), respectively. Low Na concentrations were observed (26.5–579 mg/kg dm), with the only exception of Amanita ovoidea, and high Fe values, exceeding in some cases 1000 mg/kg dm (such as in Lactarius deliciosus and Morchella conica). Mushrooms may be significant contributors of K and P in the human diet and also good sources of trace elements, especially Cu and Fe, providing negligible quantities of Na. Strong correlations were observed for Ca/Mg and Cu/Zn contents in the mushrooms analyzed.     

Mobile genetic elements associated with carbapenemase genes in South American Enterobacterales

IntroductionCarbapenem resistance in members of order Enterobacterales is a growing public health problem causing high mortality in developing and industrialized countries. Its emergence and rapid propagation worldwide was due to both intercontinental spread of pandemic strains and horizontal dissemination via mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids and transposons.ObjectiveTo describe MGE carrying carbapenem resistance genes in Enterobacterales which have been reported in South America.Search strategy and selection criteriaA search of the literature in English or Spanish published until 2019 in PubMed, Google Scholar, LILACS and SciELO databases was performed for studies of MGE in Enterobacterales reported in South American countries.ResultsSeven South American countries reported MGE related to carbapenemases. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to clonal complex 258 were the most prevalent pathogens reported; others carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales such as Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Providencia rettgeri also have been reported. The MGE implicated in the spread of the most prevalent carbapenemase genes are Tn4401 and non-Tn4401 elements for bla_KPC and ISAba125 for bla_NDM, located in different plasmid incompatibility groups, i.e. L/M, A/C, FII and bacterial clones.ConclusionThis review indicates that, like in other parts of the world, the most commonly reported carbapenemases in Enterobacterales from South America are being disseminated through clones, plasmids, and transposons which have been previously reported in other parts of the world.     

Epigenetic alterations induced by ambient particulate matter in mouse macrophages

Respiratory mortality and morbidity has been associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM). Experimental evidence suggests involvement of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the development of PM‐associated pathological states; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we analyzed short‐term epigenetic response to PM₁₀ (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) exposure in mouse ascitic RAW264.7 macrophages (BALB/C Abelson murine leukemia virus‐induced tumor). Ambient PM₁₀ was collected using a high volume sampler in Little Rock, AR. Analysis revealed that PM₁₀ was composed mainly of Al and Fe, and the water soluble organic fraction was dominated by aliphatic and carbohydrate fragments and minor quantities of aromatic components. Exposure to PM₁₀ compromised the cellular epigenome at concentrations 10–200 µg/ml. Specifically, epigenetic alterations were evident as changes in the methylation and expression of repetitive element‐associated DNA and associated DNA methylation machinery. These results suggest that epigenetic alterations, in concert with cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, might contribute to the pathogenesis of PM‐associated respiratory diseases. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:428–435, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The pronunciation of a number of English words by Dutch hearing impaired and normal hearing students in Dutch special and ordinary secondary education: Preliminary results

In 1986, a research project was started in the Institute of Phonetic Sciences of Groningen University to investigate the pronunciation of English by hearing-impaired students in Dutch special secondary education. With the help of a tailor-made articulation test, we compare the pronunciation of English by these students to the pronunciation of English by students with normal hearing in ordinary secondary education. This article presents the results of 11 normal hearing and 11 hearing-impaired students on one of the items of our test: pronouncing a number of isolated words. Group I consists of five normal hearing and five hearing-impaired speakers in their first year at secondary school. Group II consists of three normal hearing and three hearing-impaired speakers from the second year intermediate level. Group III consists of three normal hearing and three hearing-impaired speakers from the second year lower level. It can be seen that more or less the same English sounds are regarded as difficult by both the hearing-impaired students and the normal hearing students, but that there is a much wider range of realizations within the groups of hearing-impaired students.