Functioning of alcohol use disorder criteria among men and women with arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol

Background: Many states require screening of individuals arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol to determine recidivism risk and the need for treatment based on severity of alcohol problems. Several screening instruments use DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence to assess alcohol problems in this population, but whether they adequately measure alcohol problems in individuals with DUIs has not been examined. In addition, gender differences in DUI samples suggest that female offenders have more severe alcohol problems than male offenders. The current study examines differences in alcohol criteria functioning by DUI history and gender using an item response theory (IRT) approach. Methods: Data from diagnostic interviews with 8,605 participants in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, including 1,655 who ever reported a DUI arrest (20% women), were used to examine differences in alcohol criteria functioning between men and women with and without DUIs. The factor underlying item response was conceptualized as unidimensional, representing alcohol problem severity. Results: Social/interpersonal problems, larger/longer, and inability/persistent desire to quit displayed greater discrimination of IRT‐defined alcohol problem severity among individuals with DUIs than those without. Irrespective of DUI status, women had a higher threshold than men for time spent drinking or recovering. Women without DUIs had a higher threshold than similar men for social/interpersonal problems. Taken as a whole, the criteria yielded similar amounts of information in all groups. Conclusions: DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence adequately detect alcohol problem severity in individuals with DUIs, and some are better at detecting severity in this particularly high‐risk group than in individuals without DUIs. However, the criteria as a whole are equally effective in measuring alcohol problem severity among individuals with and without DUIs and may be used with confidence in screening DUI offenders.     

陕西省青少年网络使用和网络成瘾状况调查

目的 探索陕西省12～24岁学生群体的网络使用状况和网瘾状况.方法 向陕西省10市1区的6016名青少年发放自编一般情况调查表、网络成瘾量表和青少年上网调查问卷.结果 ①陕西省青少年重度、中度、轻度网瘾的比例分别为0.5%、3.5%、8.5%;②以网瘾得分为因变量,做多元方差分析结果发现,结果发现性别主效应显著,F(1...     

乳牙反(牙合)矫正后复发率及其影响因素研究

目的 追踪乳牙反(牙合)治疗后复发情况,研究影响复发的显著因子及影响模式.方法 统计109例乳牙反(牙合)患者替牙期前牙反(牙合)复发率;回顾性研究分组比较各项复发潜在影响因素并探寻显著影响因子.结果 1.样本乳牙反(牙合)替牙期复发率为46.8%.2.影响复发的各潜在因素中,骨性反(牙合)(ANB角负值)、后牙反(牙合)百分比、乳牙滞留存在率、喂养方式构成比、不良习惯阳性率等两组存明显差异.3.二项逻辑回归分析提示喂养方式及有否乳牙滞留与反(牙合)复发关系最密切.结论 1.乳牙反(牙合)矫正后复发率较高,对其治疗的长期性应提高重视.2.复发的影响模式可能倾向于各因素叠加后的综合效应.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the recurrence rate of the corrected crossbite in deciduous dentition and to explore the potential influencing factors. Methods Prospective controlled clinical trial was carried out in 109 patients whose deciduous crossbite had been corrected. The recurrence rate and the potential influencing factors were investigated. Results (1) The recurrence rate in the investigation was 46. 8%. (2) The potential influencing factors included occurrence of the negative ANB angle, the posterior crossbite, the improper oral habits, the retained primary teeth and the feeding method. (3) Feeding method and retained deciduous teeth might be the most powerful factors contributed to the recurrence of the crossbite in deciduous dentition. Conclusions The recurrence rate of the crossbite in deciduous dentition was high and the mechanism of recurrence was comprehensive.     

Social distance and homophily in adolescent smoking initiation

Background

Studies often demonstrate homophily in adolescent smoking behavior, but rarely investigate the extent to which this is due to the peer network processes of selection versus influence. Applying the concept of social distance, this study examines these two processes for smoking initiation.

Methods

We analyzed socio-centric network data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 2065; grades = 7th–12th). Social distance (degrees of separation), combined with stability and change in friendship networks, was used to derive indicators of peer selection and influence on initiation. Multilevel modeling was used to predict initiation from these indicators, and propensity score modeling was used to determine whether these associations remained after adjusting for pre-existing differences between initiators and consistent non-smokers.

Results

We found that both peer influence and selection effects increased the likelihood of initiation even after adjusting with propensity score weights and demographic controls. While the effect size for peer influence depended on the overall proportion of smokers at the school, the selection effect was independent of the school environment. De-selection and indirect influence effects were not significant after controlling for school norm interactions.

Conclusions

The association between peer smoking and adolescent smoking initiation appears to be due to both peer selection and direct influence. However, “friends of friends” effects are likely to be confounded with contextual factors. Given that smoking initiation is primarily associated with close personal interactions between the adolescent and his/her friends, prevention efforts should focus on the role of smoking in fostering personal relationships among adolescents.     

心理护理对产后抑郁的影响

目的观察心理护理对初产妇产后抑郁的影响。方法将138例初产妇随机分为观察组和对照组各69例。对照组给予常规护理。观察组在对照组护理基础上给予心理护理。采用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)对患者进行心理评估,并比较2组产后抑郁的发生情况。结果 2组护理后EPDS和SAS评分均低于护理前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组护理后28、42d抑郁症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论心理护理可显著减少初产妇产后抑郁的发生。     

药学服务对门诊老年患者用药依从性的影响研究

目的探讨药学服务对门诊老年患者用药依从性的影响。方法将136例门诊老年患者随机分为试验组与对照组各68例,对照组以药物为中心,采用传统的给药方式。试验组以患者为中心,注重患者的心理、行为、环境、经济、生活方式、职业等,主动参与到患者的治疗中,提供药物咨询、用药指导等与药物有关的药学服务,达到提高患者用药依从性的目的。结果试验组患者的治疗依从性显著提高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论以患者为中心的药学服务可提高门诊老年患者用药治疗的依从性。     

经皮椎体成形术对脊柱转移癌患者生活质量的影响

目的探究经皮椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移癌患者术后生活质量的影响。方法在透视下,对21例脊柱转移癌患者行经皮椎体成形术,分别于术前、术后1周、1个月应用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）及生活质量调查表（QQL）评分法对患者疼痛及生活质量情况进行评分,观察其疗效与并发症,并做安全性评估。结果手术后的视觉模拟评分明显低于手术前（P〈0.01）;手术后患者生活质量有明显的改善（P〈0.01）。结论经皮椎体成形术是一种治疗脊柱转移癌的安全、有效的疗法,能显著缓解患者的癌痛,极大地提高了患者的生活质量。     

早期护理干预对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的影响

目的观察早期护理干预对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者功能恢复的影响。方法回顾性分析本院2008年2月～2010年2月收治入院的200例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者临床资料,将其随机分成两组,每组各100例,干预组采用早期康复护理,对照组采用常规神经内科护理,观察两组护理方法对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者功能的影响。结果两组治疗前评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;干预组在各阶段吞咽功能得分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;两组均于治疗2个月后进行吞咽功能评价：干预组有效率为91%（91/100）,对照组有效率为37%（37/100）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论早期进行有效吞咽功能的康复治疗和针对性的饮食指导,不仅可减少并发症的发生,而且可提高患者的日常能力和生活质量,对脑卒中患者的最终预后产生了积极影响。     

不同强度噪声对高血压患者肾素活性的影响

目的探讨不同强度噪声对高血压患者肾素活性（PRA）的影响。方法选择以从事和噪音相关工作的高血压患者1150例,检测其接触不同强度噪音后血液中的PRA。从分子生物学上研究噪音和高血压的关系和规律,揭示其原理。结果在接触噪音强度〈80dB的高血压患者中,PRA的浓度半年后及1年后无明显升高（P〉0.05）;在接触噪音强度〉80dB的高血压患者中,PRA的浓度1年后比研究前明显升高（P〈0.05）;同时1年后同个强度的噪音中血压越高的患者PRA的浓度越高（P〈0.05）。结论接触〉80dB强度的噪音能使高血压患者的血压升高,随着噪音强度的加大,血压升高得越明显;在同个噪音强度中血压越高的患者血压升高得越明显。     

电刺激治疗对脑卒中患者运动功能恢复的影响

目的探讨电刺激治疗对脑卒中患者运动功能恢复的影响。方法脑卒中患者120例根据康复方法的不同分为治疗组与对照组各60例,对照组给予内科常规药物治疗与常规康复治疗,治疗组在此基础上给予信号式功能性电刺激治疗仪治疗。结果经过康复后,两组上肢功能评分都明显上升,治疗组的上升幅度更佳,两组对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组认知功能评分都明显上升,两组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论信号式功能性电刺激治疗仪可促进脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的恢复,同时也有利于认知功能恢复,值得推广应用。