The Influence of Drugs on Nasal Ciliary Movement

Drugs in nasal preparations, for local use as well as for systemic use, should not interfere with the self-cleaning capacity of the nose, effectuated by the ciliary epithelium. Many drugs and additives, however, have a negative effect on nasal ciliary function. Examples of ciliotoxic agents are lipophilic and mercuric preservatives, local anesthetics, antihistamines, propranolol, and absorption enhancers such as the bile salts. Cholinergic drugs and -adrenergic drugs exert a ciliostimulatory effect. It is the purpose of this review to summarize the present knowledge of ciliotoxicity of drugs and additives and to give recommendations for the use of ciliofriendly drugs in nasal preparations.     

Saccadic anomalies: vergence induces large departures from ball-and-socket behavior

The configuration of muscular forces, which maintains a given orientation of the eye, varies with vergence state. As a consequence, changes in vergence produce both static and dynamic violations of simple ball-and-socket behavior: during strong convergence, the entire eye is displaced temporally within its orbit at steady state by as much as 200 microns; and the axis of ocular rotation for small horizontal saccades is consistently displaced forward within the globe by an average of about 1 mm. These phenomena occur regardless of whether vergence is maintained by accommodation or by binocular disparity. Hence, systematic errors of as much as a full degree can arise in measurement of vergence movement, unless monitoring methods are used which are insensitive to translational motion. The observed displacement on the axis of rotation for saccades may be involved in subjective shrinkage of visual targets during convergence ("experimental micropsia ").     

脂糖舒对正常和糖尿病小鼠胃肠推进运动的影响

目的：探讨脂糖舒对正常小鼠和糖尿病小鼠胃肠推进运动功能的影响及其作用机制。方法：采用正常小鼠和四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠整体胃排空试验和小肠推进试验,测定脂糖舒对两种不同状况下小鼠胃内残留率和小肠推进率,并将这些指标分别与乙酰胆碱、新斯的明和阿托品三药物比较。结果：脂糖舒除对正常小鼠胃排空无明显影响外（P＞0.05）,对糖尿病小鼠的胃排空和对正常小鼠及糖尿病小鼠的小肠推进都有明显促进作用（P＜0.01）。结论：脂糖舒有一定的胃肠推进运动作用,其作用机制似乙酰胆碱或新斯的明。     

全反式维甲酸对培养的大鼠动脉平滑肌细胞迁移的影响

目的 :研究全反式维甲酸 (ATRA)对培养的大鼠动脉平滑肌细胞 (VSMCs)迁移的影响。方法 :血管平滑肌细胞采用组织贴块法培养 ,ATRA(2 .5× 10 -6mol/L)分别作用经PDGF -BB(2 0ng/ml)和 10 0 %FCS趋化作用下的VSMCs,采用改良的Boydenchamber方法检测VSMCs的迁移活性。结果 :ATRA作用的VSMCs对PDGF -BB和 10 0 %FCS的化学趋化活性明显减弱。结论 :ATRA具有抑制VSMCs迁移的作用。     

藿香正气片增强镇静催眠药的镇静与催眠作用的研究

目的研究藿香正气片增强镇静催眠药对小鼠的镇静催眠作用.为临床增添了一个中西药结合的镇静催眠合剂提供药理依据.方法应用抖笼换能器法观察藿香正气片对小鼠的自发活动的影响.由此观察藿香正气片与镇静催眠药的协同作用.测定藿香正气片与镇静催眠药对小鼠的入睡时间及睡眠持续时间的作用.两个实验均分成四组,生理水组、藿香正气片组、安定组、安定+藿香正气片组.结果1.对小鼠自发活动的影响.(1)藿香正气片组与生理盐水组比较,具有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).(2)安定组与安定+藿香正气片组比较具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).2.藿香正气片增强镇静催眠药对小鼠的睡眠作用.(1)藿香正气片组与生理盐水组比较具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).(2)藿香正气片+安定组与安定组比较具有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论藿香正气片与安定合用对镇静及催眠确有协同作用.     

大鼠磨牙三维有限元模型的建立

目的 :建立大鼠磨牙的三维有限元模型 ,探讨牙及牙周组织的应力分布状况。方法 :采用Sprague Dawley大鼠 2 0只 ,建立大鼠磨牙正畸移动的动物模型 ,制作大鼠上颌第一磨牙牙周连续切片 ;采用计算机技术 ,重建牙及牙周组织三维形态、结构 ,并建立其三维有限元模型。结果 :组织切片的应力分布显示牙周膜是一种存在于两种硬组织之间的软组织 ,有其特有的应力分布状态。结论 :本研究建立的正畸大鼠磨牙三维有限元模型是观察正畸牙移动过程中分析应力的一种简便、准确、可靠的模型及方法。     

金银花颗粒在旋风分离器中的流场数值模拟分析

目的 针对金银花颗粒在旋风分离器中的运动行为过程进行研究,考察不同设计参数和操作工艺条件下,颗粒在设备内部的运动过程变化规律。方法 基于仿真模拟技术,考察受不同设备长径比、入口进气雷诺数、颗粒质量流量3个因素影响的金银花颗粒在分离器内的运动规律,并以金银花颗粒得粉率为验证指标参数,对模型可靠性进行了分析。结果 通过仿真模拟得到了各个不同工艺条件下的金银花颗粒运动轨迹分布,计算出了对应设备的颗粒得粉率。提出金银花颗粒分离的最佳工艺建议为设备长径比5∶1,入口进气雷诺数3.23×10⁴,颗粒质量流量80.1 mg/s,得到的金银花颗粒得粉率为96.30%。结论 为旋风分离器内金银花颗粒的有关研究提供指导,同时改善旋风分离器在控制和设计上的不足。     

Practice improves even the simplest movements

Summary Three subjects practiced accurate, fast elbow flexions of 54° to a 3° wide target. Movements of 36°, 54° and 72° were then tested. Comparison over the three distances showed that the normally monotonic relationship between movement distance and movement time is alterable by specific training. Subjects learn to go faster over the practiced distance by refining their neural commands to the muscles. The benefits of practice only partially transfer to other distances. We conclude that many of the relationships seen among movement variables in simple tasks are plastic in nature and affected by prior experience.     

Role of Laryngeal Movement and Effect of Aging on Swallowing Pressure in the Pharynx and Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Objectives Describe contribution of laryngeal movement to pressure changes at the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the effect of aging on the swallowing function. Study Design Manofluorography on 56 nondysphagic adults divided into three age groups: the 21‐ to 31‐year‐old group (n = 32), the 61‐ to 74‐year‐old group (n = 12) and the 75‐ to 89‐year‐old group (n = 12). Analyses of the bolus transit time, the amplitudes and durations of pharyngeal pressures, the timing of a pressure fall at the UES and the laryngeal movements. Methods Intraluminal strain‐gauge sensors recorded pressure changes in the oropharynx, hypopharynx and the UES. Motion pictures of the videotapes were fed into a personal computer, and movements of the hyoid bone were measured in both the horizontal and vertical directions as an indication of laryngeal movement. Results In 26‐ and 70‐year‐old men with calcification of the thyroid cartilage, it was determined that the larynx and hyoid bone moved in consonance until the end of the rapid hyoid movements in both the superior and anterior directions. In the 21‐ to 31‐year‐old group, the magnitude of the pressure fall at the UES was maximal before or almost at the same time as the bolus arrival, in preparation for smooth passage of the bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus. The rapid superior movements of the hyoid bone started significantly early as compared with its anterior movements (P = .0001). The rapid anterior movements of the hyoid bone started simultaneously with the pressure fall at the UES. In the elderly, all segmental transit times were significantly increased. The timing of the pressure fall at the UES was significantly delayed and the UES pressure reached its minimum value after arrival of the bolus at the UES. The minimum pressure at the UES increased to a significantly positive value. The rapid anterior movements of the hyoid were significantly delayed, suggesting that this delay causes the delay in the pressure fall at the UES. Conclusions The rapid superior and anterior movements of the hyoid bone are considered to start at the same time as those of the larynx. In the young group, it is suggested that superior laryngeal movement protects the lower airway prior to the anterior laryngeal movement, causing the pressure fall at the UES to enable the passage of a bolus into the UES. In the elderly, smooth passage of the bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus is hindered and the system that prevents aspiration is rendered inefficient by changes in the swallowing pressures and laryngeal movements with aging.