Effects of morphine and naloxone on behaviour in the hot plate test: an ethopharmacological study in the rat

The objectives of this study were: i) to analyse the effects of morphine and naloxone on the rat's behaviour in the hot plate test using an ethological approach, and ii) to compare the effectiveness of repeated versus single test paradigms. Animals received either morphine (0, 3, 6 or 9 mg/kg SC) or naloxone (0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mg/kg SC). For repeated hot plate measures, rats were tested before and 60, 120, 180 and 240 min following morphine treatment, as well as 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after naloxone injection. For the single test schedule, rats were tested only once 60 min after morphine or 30 min after naloxone administration, or at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min after 9 mg/kg morphine treatment. Behaviour was videotaped and analysed by an ethogram and ethological techniques. A cluster analysis revealed that the most frequently displayed patterns could be categorised into exploratory sniffing reactions (walk-sniff, immobile-sniff) and noxious-evoked elements, including primary (paw-licking, stamping), escape (jumping, leaning posture) and independent (hindleg-withdrawal) patterns. During repeated tests, morphine treatment induced: i) a maximum hypoalgesic effect 60 min post-injection (noxious-evoked patterns were significantly reduced), and ii) an unexpected thermal hyperreactivity rebound effect after 120 min (paw-licking and hindleg-withdrawal were enhanced), although changes in hindpaw-licking are more indicative of a hyperalgesic rebound effect. Most changes were quite similar during the single test schedule at 60 and 120 min after morphine injection. With regard to naloxone treatment, jumping latency was significantly decreased during the repeated test schedule, but not on single exposure to the plate. Other elements were facilitated, however, in the single test (stamping, leaning posture, hindleg-withdrawal). The results indicated that both repeated and single tests paradigms are of value for testing the effects of morphine and naloxone on rats. However, under our conditions the single test paradigm gave a better picture of the overall effects of the drug. Learning as well as habituation and sensitization may mask certain effects during repeated tests. In conclusion, an ethological analysis of the rat's behaviour in the hot plate test following administration of morphine and naloxone has been validated in this study.     

变温实验中冷和热刺激反应强度的差异

目的　了解变温实验检查中冷和热刺激对患者反应强度变化有无影响。方法　应用眼震电图仪和冷热刺激仪对 12 0例有眩晕症状的患者进行冷热实验检查 ,观察他们在不同温度刺激下眼震的最大慢相角速度。结果　单热刺激以及先冷后热刺激中的热刺激引起的患者眼震的最大慢相角速度较冷刺激组明显大 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　变温实验中患者对热刺激的反应强度要较冷刺激强     

阿米替林增强左旋四氢巴马汀的镇痛作用

目的　探讨阿米替林增强左旋四氢巴马汀 (L THP)的镇痛作用。方法　采用热板法和化学剌激法进行镇痛实验。结果阿米替林两组剂量 (4 2mg/kg ,8 3mg/kg)均加强了L THP的镇痛作用 ,镇痛作用时间持续 4h。结论　阿米替林可增强L THP的镇痛作用     

Heat transfer to deep tissue: the effect of body fat and heating modality

The purpose of this study was to quantify the thermal transfer characteristics of the skin in relation to body composition as assessed by the ability of water immersion and hot and cold packs with different thicknesses of towels layers to heat or cool deep tissue. Two sets of experiments were conducted to determine the interrelationships between body fat content and muscle temperature after immersion of the limb in water or the application of hot and cold packs. In the first series of experiments, subjects immersed their lower body in water at 42, 37, 34, 27, 24 and 0 °C for 20 minutes. Muscle temperature was measured in the skin above and in the belly of the quadriceps and medial gastrocnemius muscles by a thermistor on the skin and one implanted with a 20-gauge needle 25 mm below and perpendicular to the skin. To see the effect of circulation, a series was conducted with the circulation occluded. In the second series, hot or cold packs were used with different thicknesses of towel layers. The muscle temperature after immersion in water approached that of the packs within approximately 20 minutes. In contrast, when hot and cold packs were used with various thickness or towels ranging from 2 to 10 mm in thickness, the change in muscle temperature was much less and it was still changing at the end of a 20 minute period. Subjects with high body fat changed their deep tissue temperatures much more slowly with a time constant nearly double that of the thin subjects with all modalities. Even after water immersion, if the body fat exceeded 25% of the subject's weight, 20 min of immersion was not enough to either warm the muscle or cool it down substantially. Cold packs and hot packs were very ineffective in changing muscle temperature under these same conditions. Body fat plays a major role, as did limb blood flow in controlling the movement of heat across the limb.     

艾盐包热熨结合推法作用于八穴治疗产后癃闭的应用研究

目的 探讨艾盐包热熨结合推法作用于八髎穴对于产后癃闭排尿的临床疗效。方法 选择2018年1月至2019年1月在我院经阴道分娩后出现常规物理刺激诱导排尿无效的产后癃闭产妇120例为研究对象,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各60例,对照组在常规护理基础上采用艾盐包热熨尾骶部,治疗组在对照组基础上增加八髎穴穴位按摩,比较两组产妇排尿功能恢复等情况。结果 两组一般情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗组总有效率(98.33%)高于对照组(85.00%);残余尿量治疗组为(16.25±3.71)mL,明显少于对照组的(35.62±8.26)m L;不良反应治疗组为0,明显低于对照组的8.33%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 艾盐包热熨结合推法作用于八髎穴治疗产后癃闭,有助于对产后正常排尿功能的恢复,操作简便,不良反应少,可减轻产妇心理负担,提高护理满意度。     

Correlates of county-level nonviral sexually transmitted infection hot spots in the US: application of hot spot analysis and spatial logistic regression

PurposeWe used a combination of hot spot analysis (HSA) and spatial regression to examine county-level hot spot correlates for the most commonly reported nonviral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the 48 contiguous states in the United States (US).MethodsWe obtained reported county-level total case rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis in all counties in the 48 contiguous states from national surveillance data and computed temporally smoothed rates using 2008–2012 data. Covariates were obtained from county-level multiyear (2008–2012) American Community Surveys from the US census. We conducted HSA to identify hot spot counties for all three STIs. We then applied spatial logistic regression with the spatial error model to determine the association between the identified hot spots and the covariates.ResultsHSA indicated that ≥84% of hot spots for each STI were in the South. Spatial regression results indicated that, a 10-unit increase in the percentage of Black non-Hispanics was associated with ≈42% (P < 0.01) [≈22% (P < 0.01), for Hispanics] increase in the odds of being a hot spot county for chlamydia and gonorrhea, and ≈27% (P < 0.01) [≈11% (P < 0.01) for Hispanics] for P&S syphilis. Compared with the other regions (West, Midwest, and Northeast), counties in the South were 6.5 (P < 0.01; chlamydia), 9.6 (P < 0.01; gonorrhea), and 4.7 (P < 0.01; P&S syphilis) times more likely to be hot spots.ConclusionOur study provides important information on hot spot clusters of nonviral STIs in the entire United States, including associations between hot spot counties and sociodemographic factors.     

舒筋散温熨配合针刺治疗中风偏瘫软瘫期疗效观察

目的:观察舒筋散温熨配合针刺治疗中风偏瘫软瘫期的临床疗效。方法:脑血管意外致偏瘫患者80例,随机分为治疗组与对照组。以简化Fug-Meyer运动功能评分法[1]做指标,观察治疗前后患者症状变化。结果:治疗组疗效优于对照组。结论:舒筋散温熨配合针刺治疗中风偏瘫软瘫期患者具有明显的治疗作用。