医院内感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况分析

目的：了解医院内感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法常规培养分离鉴定,应用VITEKI和phoenix100全自动细菌鉴定分析仪系统鉴定菌株;药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法,根据CLSI规定的标准进行。结果2013年共检出6681株病原菌,临床分离的细菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为分离菌株的前五位,分离率分别为17.2%、14.19%、13.31%、12.26%、9.52%,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分离率分别为56.94%、41.53%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率为59.18%。检出耐万古霉素、耐利奈唑胺的金黄色葡萄球菌各1株。结论大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球仍是临床院内感染的重要病原菌,且对多种抗生素都处于比较高水平的耐药率,有逐年升高的趋势。临床微生物实验室应加强医院内重要感染病原菌的耐药性检测,临床应根据药敏结果和患者自身的感染状况制定出合理的个性化治疗方案,并高度重视多药耐药菌感染者的有效隔离,以防控耐药菌的扩散和流行。     

牙科手机消毒灭菌效果评价及损耗研究

目的 探讨清洗、消毒、灭菌环节对清除牙科手机外表面和内腔细菌、乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)的效果,及对其损耗的影响.方法 随机抽取手机40支,分别在其使用后的清洗前、清洗后、消毒后和灭菌后,检测其外表面和内腔细菌、HBsAg;调查其使用第1、2、3个月后的损耗情况.结果 手机使用后外表面和内腔均有细菌检出;清洗、消毒均不能完全清除外表面和内腔细菌,两者检出率差异均有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05);灭菌能完全清除外表面和内腔细菌,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.48,P=0.489).使用后手机表面和内腔HBsAg检出率达1 1.8％;清洗、消毒均不能完全清除外表面和内腔HBsAg,两者检出率差异均有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05);灭菌能完全清除外表面和内腔HBsAg.3个月中,每支手机均使用了90支次,第2个月有2支次手机维修,第3个月有1支次手机更换部件.结论 当前处理流程能给牙科手机有效灭菌但造成损耗,建议在清洗、消毒、灭菌时间等环节加以优化.     

基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨肠道菌群与肺结核关系的研究进展

肺结核是常见的呼吸道传染疾病,肠道菌群紊乱是肺结核的常见合并症。肠道菌群紊乱会加重肺结核的病理损伤。从中医病机角度,二者之间的关系体现了“肺与大肠相表里”的经络理论、津液理论及气机升降理论。从生物学机制角度,肠道菌群可通过调节宿主固有免疫和适应性免疫,产生抗结核作用的代谢产物以限制肺结核进展;肺结核导致的肠道菌群改变或与血液循环及淋巴循环相关;抗结核药物治疗对肠道菌群的影响或与药物杀菌性相关。肠道菌群的相关疗法对肺结核诊疗具有一定临床价值。通过增加肠道益生菌、粪菌移植、合理使用抗结核药物、改善饮食结构等方法可调节肠道菌群以达到辅助治疗肺结核的目的。本文中,笔者将结合既往文献进行综述。     

Unidentified Bacterial Microorganisms Entrapped Within Blood Capillary Spaces of Tissue From Different Epidemiological Types of Kaposi's Sarcoma

Tissue specimens of different epidemiological types of Kaposís sarcoma (KS) from various geographical regions were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Freshly fixed KS biopsies originated from 9 German patients: 3 classic KS cases, 5 AIDS-associated KS cases, and 1 atypical classic KS case. Additionally, KS autopsy material from the brain of a German AIDS patient was examined. Further biopsies came from 29 Ugandan patients: 16 endemic KS cases and 13 AIDS-associated KS cases. While investigating the ultrastructure, we discovered relatively small-sized bacterial microorganisms within blood capillary spaces of tumor tissue from 5 KS cases of different epidemiological type. The microorganisms often occurred in clusters. They were of coccoid-bacillary form and limited by a wrinkled multilayered cell wall. Many of them were encapsulated. They were not observed outside of the capillary lumen. The bacterial structures were often seen attached to capillary endothelial cells, which sometimes showed blistering into the capillary lumen. The observed bacterial microorganisms obviously represented agents of a bloodstream infection and must have been entrapped and accumulated within capillary spaces of KS tissue. The bacteria, which had an almost identical morphology in all 5 KS cases, could not be identified. If they are of pathogenic significance, it remains unknown.     

Gut microbiome in Schizophrenia: Altered functional pathways related to immune modulation and atherosclerotic risk

Emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiome changes to schizophrenia. However, there has been limited research into the functional pathways by which the gut microbiota contributes to the phenotype of persons with chronic schizophrenia. We characterized the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota in 48 individuals with chronic schizophrenia and 48 matched (sequencing plate, age, sex, BMI, and antibiotic use) non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significant beta-diversity differences in microbial composition and predicted genetic functional potential compared to NCs. Alpha-diversity of taxa and functional pathways were not different between groups. Random forests analyses revealed that the microbiome predicts differentiation of patients with schizophrenia from NCs using taxa (75% accuracy) and functional profiles (67% accuracy for KEGG orthologs, 70% for MetaCyc pathways). We utilized a new compositionally-aware method incorporating reference frames to identify differentially abundant microbes and pathways, which revealed that Lachnospiraceae is associated with schizophrenia. Functional pathways related to trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase and Kdo₂-lipid A biosynthesis were altered in schizophrenia. These metabolic pathways were associated with inflammatory cytokines and risk for coronary heart disease in schizophrenia. Findings suggest potential mechanisms by which the microbiota may impact the pathophysiology of the disease through modulation of functional pathways related to immune signaling/response and lipid and glucose regulation to be further investigated in future studies.     

Clinical,Microbial, and Immune Responses Observed in Patients With Diabetes After Treatment for Gingivitis: A Three‐Month Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Although patients with diabetes are frequently affected by periodontitis, only a few investigations have focused on gingivitis in this at‐risk population. This randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial compared the response to a gingivitis treatment protocol that combined mechanical procedures and daily use of an essential oil (EO) mouthrinse between patients with and without diabetes. Methods: The whole‐mouth periodontal probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were monitored in gingivitis cases among systemically healthy patients (n = 60) or those with diabetes (n = 60) at baseline and 3 months after treatment. Levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and total bacterial load were determined by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction in intrasulci plaque samples. The volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was quantified, and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) levels were determined in GCF samples. After a full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement, patients were randomly assigned to an EO or a placebo rinse for 90 days (40 mL/day). The data were analyzed through repeated‐measures analysis of variance and multiple comparisons Tukey tests (P <0.05). Results: GI was more severe in the diabetes group. Diabetes impaired GI and reduced GCF volume. PD, bacterial levels, and IL‐1β improved similarly in both systemic conditions. The adjunctive use of EO provided greater reductions of PI, GI, total bacterial load, T. forsythia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and GCF volume. Conclusions: Response to gingivitis treatment in patients with diabetes can slightly differ from that in patients without diabetes. Daily use of an EO mouthrinse after ultrasonic debridement benefited patients with and without diabetes.     

Periodontal Therapy Effects on Nitrite Related to Oral Bacteria: A 6‐Month Randomized Clinical Trial

Background : Nitrite is a biologic factor relevant to oral and systemic homeostasis. Through an oral bacteria reduction process, it was suggested that periodontal therapy and chlorhexidine (CHX) rinse could affect nitrite levels, leading to negative effects, such as an increase in blood pressure. This 6‐month randomized clinical trial evaluated the effects of periodontal therapeutic protocols on salivary nitrite and its relation to subgingival bacteria. Methods: One hundred patients with periodontitis were allocated randomly to debridement procedures in four weekly sections (quadrant scaling [QS]) or within 24 hours (full‐mouth scaling [FMS]) in conjunction with a 60‐day CHX (QS + CHX and FMS + CHX), placebo (QS + placebo and FMS + placebo), or no mouthrinse (QS + none and FMS + none) use. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction determined total bacterial, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus oralis, and Actinomyces naeslundii levels. Salivary nitrite concentration was determined with Griess reagent. Data were analyzed statistically at baseline and 3 and 6 months by analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and Spearman correlation tests (P <0.05). Results: Nitrite concentrations did not tend to change over time. Regarding CHX use, there was a negative correlation between nitrite and total bacterial load at 6 months (FMS + CHX) and one positive correlation between P. gingivalis and nitrite at baseline (QS + CHX). Independently of rinse type, in the FMS group, nitrite correlated negatively with several microbial parameters and also with a higher percentage of deep periodontal pockets. Conclusions: The relationship between nitrite and bacterial levels appears weak. Short‐term scaling exhibited a greater influence on nitrite concentrations then long‐term CHX use.     

带负压式牙刷刷牙法对气管插管患者口腔护理效果评价

目的探讨气管插管患者口腔护理的有效方法,提高护理质量,减少并发症的发生。方法采用对照研究的方式,将2013年1月至2014年6月间我院ICU收治的60例气管插管患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组施行负压式牙刷刷牙法,对照组施行常规口腔护理法。比较两组患者护理前后口腔细菌检测情况、口腔症状、pH值、呼吸机相关性肺炎、意外脱管、机械通气的时间以及患者的舒适度。结果观察组护理后即刻的细菌数、护理后2h、4h、6h的细菌数均少于对照组,5d牙菌斑率、口腔细菌阳性率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。观察组护理后的口腔溃疡、疱疹、口臭、呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率低于对照组,护理5 d时的口腔pH值高于对照组,机械通气时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。两组的舒适度差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论带负压式牙刷刷牙法能够有效清除气管插管患者的口腔细菌,预防感染的发生,优于传统的口腔护理方法。