羊肚菌多糖体外抗菌活性研究

目的对羊肚菌M orchella esculenta多糖的体外抗菌活性进行初步研究。方法采用改良药基法和K-B法,对子囊果多糖(APS)、菌丝体胞内多糖(IPS)、胞外多糖(EPS)进行体外抗菌实验。结果研究表明羊肚菌多糖对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及放线菌的抗菌活性都比较强,而对霉菌和酵母菌的抗菌作用不明显。结论3种羊肚菌多糖均具有比较明显的抗细菌、抗放线菌活性。     

磷霉素银的制备及其体外抑菌试验

目的：制备磷霉素银并测定其抑菌活性。方法：采用复分散法制备磷霉素银,并经体外抑菌试验比较了磷霉素银与磺胺啶银和磷霉素钙的抗菌活性。结果：磷霉素银的各剂量组抑菌圈均大于磷霉素银磺胺啶银。结论：磷霉素银的抗菌作用强于磷霉素钙和磺胺嘧啶银。     

Phytochemical standardization and biological activities of certain desert plants growing in Saudi Arabia

The phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Calendula tripterocarpa, Centarea sinaica, Centaurea pseudosinaica, Koelpinia linearis, Plectranthus arabicus, Plectranthus asirensis and Tripleurospermum auriculatum determined. The best antibacterial activity; 41.8?±?0.23?mm, 39.7?±?0.25?mm, 35.8?±?0.58?mm, 34.7?±?0.51?mm and 32.7?±?0.25?mm was obtained by Plectranthus arabicus against Klebsiella pneumonia, Tripleurospermum auriculatum against Bacillus subtilis, Centaurea pseudosinaica against Bacillus subtilis, Centaurea pseudosinaica against Stroptococcus pyogenes and Plectranthus arabicus against Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. While the highest antifungal activity; 35.9?±?1.15?mm, 34.6?±?0.34, 30.6?±?0.26?mm and 29.9?±?0.63?mm was obtained by Tripleurospermum auriculatum against Geotricum candidum, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. The antitumor activity (IC₅₀) obtained by Centarea sinaica; 3.1?±?6.9?µg/ml, 14.3?±?3.1?µg/ml and 22.7?±?4.1?µg/ml was better than activity of vinblastine sulphate; 5.9?±?0.4?µg/ml, 59.7?±?2.1?µg/ml and 30.3?±?1.4?µg/ml against breast carcinoma (MCF-7), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and colorectal carcinoma (CACO), respectively. Plectranthus arabicus alcoholic extract showed higher antitumor activity; 15.3?±?5.3?µg/ml, 28.6?±?3.6?µg/ml and 24.3?±?4.1?µg/ml than vinblastine; 21.2?±?0.9?µg/ml, 59.7?±?2.1?µg/ml and 30.3?±?1.4?µg/ml against prostate carcinoma (Pc3), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and colorectal carcinoma (CACO), respectively. Also, the antitumor activity of Plectranthus asirensis against cervical carcinoma (Hela) (37.1?±?2.6?µg/ml) was potent than vinblastine sulphate (59.7?±?2.1?µg/ml). The obtained results of LD₅₀ and sub-chronic toxicity revealed that the plants have no toxicity.     

Risk Factors for Acute Cholangitis Caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium

Background/AimsAcute cholangitis (AC) is a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection, and timely antimicrobial treatment, faster than that achieved with bacterial cultures, is recommended. Although the current guidelines refer to empirical antimicrobial treatment, various kinds of antimicrobial agents have been cited because of insufficient analyses on the spectrum of pathogens in AC. Enterococcus spp. is one of the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria from the bile of patients with AC, but its risk factors have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors of AC caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.MethodsPatients with AC who were hospitalized in a Japanese tertiary center between 2010 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients’ first AC episodes in the hospital were evaluated.ResultsA total of 266 patients with AC were identified. E. faecalis and/or E. faecium was isolated in 56 (21%) episodes of AC. Prior endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), the presence of a biliary stent, prior cholecystectomy, and past intensive care unit admission were more frequently observed in AC patients with E. faecalis and/or E. faecium than in those without such bacteria. Prior EST was identified as an independent risk factor for AC caused by E. faecalis and/or E. faecium in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionsGiven the intrinsic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium to antibiotics, clinicians should consider empirical therapy with anti-enterococcal antibiotics for patients with prior EST.     

卷曲霉素对结核分枝杆菌体外抑菌作用的研究

目的 :探讨卷曲霉素 (Capreomycin ,CPM)对结核分枝杆菌 (MycobacteriumTuberculosis,MTB)体外抑菌作用。方法 :采用改良罗氏培养基绝对浓度间接法对 10 4 6株MTB和 349株MDR TB(多耐药 ,即至少耐INH和RFP的结核分支杆菌 )进行链霉素 (SM)、卡那霉素 (KM)、阿米卡星 (AMK)、卷曲霉素 (CPM)、异烟肼 (INH)、利福平 (RFP)体外抑菌试验的对照研究 ,比较CPM与SM、KM、AMK之间耐药率的差异。结果 :在 10 4 6株MTB中 ,CPM的耐药率为 3 3% ,明显低于SM的 30 3%、KM的 10 5 %、AMK的 8 2 % ,χ2 值分别为 2 80 0 1、5 5 5 0、36 76 ,P <0 0 1;对其中 349株多耐药结核杆菌 (MDR TB)的耐药率 ,CPM为 9 7% ,也明显低于SM的 72 5 %、KM的 31 5 %和AMK的 2 4 1% ,χ2 值分别为2 17 0 0、80 0 5、37 88,P <0 0 1。结论 :CPM是一种对MTB(特别是对MDR TB)有较强抑菌活性的二线抗结核药。     

口服抗微生物药品服药时间调查分析

目的调查分析口服抗微生物药品的服药时间,为患者合理用药提供参考。方法参考第17版《新编药物学》、《中国医师药师临床用药指南》及药品说明书的相关项目,对体现服药时间的口服抗微生物药按通用名进行分类、统计。结果所调查169种口服抗微生物药品中,要求空腹服用44种,餐时服用30种,餐后服用21种,与进食关系不大的26种,未作具体要求的37种,对进食食品有特殊要求的11种,其中,有1种药品要求空腹或餐后服用,2种要求餐时或餐后服用,4种要求空腹或餐时服用。结论口服抗微生物药品服药时间要求差别很大,需根据具体情况服用,临床药师在临床药学实践及药房药品调配工作中要做好用药交代工作,促进合理用药。     

Study on chemical composition,anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of extracts from Chinese pear fruit (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)

Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. belongs to the genus Pyrus, a member of Rosaceae family. It is a routine edible fruit, and also used as a folk medicine to treat cough, eliminate constipation, and relieve alcoholism. In order to clarify the active compounds of P. bretschneideri, the phytochemical study were performed. Five compounds were isolated and identified as 2β,19α-dihydroxy ursolic acid, quercitrin, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate and α-amyrin. Additionally, we investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects of the fractions of P. bretschneideri partitioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, the EtOAc fraction showed the strongest inhibition of edema formation 0.5–5 h after edema induction, followed by n-butanol. EtOAc also displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear edema (22.03% and 43.69%, respectively) and acetic acid-induced extravasation of Evan’s blue dye (39.58% and 49.92%, respectively) at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. While, the anti-microbial results showed that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions exhibited strong activity against the bacteria strains. Moreover, 2β,19α-dihydroxy ursolic acid, α-amyrin and quercitrin could significantly inhibit the ear edema induced by xylene at the dose of 20 mg/kg, and exhibited moderate anti-microbial activities against the bacteria strains.     

Proteomic analysis of the proteins released from Staphylococcus aureus following exposure to Ag(I)

The silver ion (Ag(I)) has well established antimicrobial properties and is widely used in a variety of anti-bacterial ointments and plasters for the control of wound infections. Wounds are frequently colonised by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the aim of the work presented here was to establish how S. aureus responded following exposure to Ag(I). Exposure of S. aureus to Ag(I) resulted in the release of a range of proteins from cells. Analysis of proteins released revealed a number of proteins associated with the stress response (e.g. alkaline shock protein, methionine sulfoxide reductase), virulence (e.g. signal transduction protein) and metabolism (e.g. lipase, acetate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase). The release of toxins (e.g. α-hemolysin, bifunctional autolysin, leucocidin F) was decreased. These results indicated that, while silver is a potent antimicrobial agent, exposure of S. aureus to this metal results in the release of a variety of proteins from the cell. Many of the proteins showing increased release were antigenic and would have the potential to induce an inflammatory response at the site of infection and thus delay healing.     

Encapsulation of babchi essential oil into microsponges: Physicochemical properties,cytotoxic evaluation and anti-microbial activity

Babchi essential oil (BEO) is a valuable essential oil reported to possess a variety of biological activities such as antitumor, anti inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties. Due to its anti-microbial properties, this oil possesses an immense potential for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Further, it has minimal tendency to develop resistance, a common issue with most of the antibiotics. However, its highly viscous nature and poor stability in the presence of light, air and high temperature, limits its practical applications. To surmount these issues, this research aims to encapsulate BEO in ethyl cellulose (EC) microsponges for enhanced stability, antibacterial effect and decreased dermal toxicity. The quasi emulsion solvent evaporation technique was used for fabrication of the BEO microsponges employing EC as polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer and dichloro methane (DCM) as solvent. The effect of formulation variables such as the amount of EC and PVA were also investigated. The prepared microformulations were evaluated for production yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and in vitro release. In vitro cytotoxicity was also checked to assess dermal safety of BEO microsponges. Results revealed that all the dispersions were in micro size range (20.44 ± 3.13 μm to 41.75 ± 3.65 μm), with good encapsulation efficiency (87.70 ± 1.20% of F2) and controlled release profile (cumulative drug release 73.34 ± 1.76%). Field emission scanning electron microscopy results showed that the microsponges possessed a spherical uniform shape with a spongy structure. Results of cytotoxicity study indicated that the prepared microsponges were safer on dermal cells in comparison to pure BEO. The optimized formulation was also evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial assay against dermal bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, which confirmed their enhanced antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the results of photostability and stability analysis indicated improved stability of BEO loaded microsponges. Hence, encapsulation of BEO in microsponges resulted in efficacious carrier system in terms of stability as well as safety of this essential oil alongwith handling benefits.     

Secapin,a bee venom peptide,exhibits anti-fibrinolytic,anti-elastolytic,and anti-microbial activities

Bee venom contains a variety of peptide constituents that have various biological, toxicological, and pharmacological actions. However, the biological actions of secapin, a venom peptide in bee venom, remain largely unknown. Here, we provide the evidence that Asiatic honeybee (Apis cerana) secapin (AcSecapin-1) exhibits anti-fibrinolytic, anti-elastolytic, and anti-microbial activities. The recombinant mature AcSecapin-1 peptide was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. AcSecapin-1 functions as a serine protease inhibitor-like peptide that has inhibitory effects against plasmin, elastases, microbial serine proteases, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Consistent with these functions, AcSecapin-1 inhibited the plasmin-mediated degradation of fibrin to fibrin degradation products, thus indicating the role of AcSecapin-1 as an anti-fibrinolytic agent. AcSecapin-1 also inhibited both human neutrophil and porcine pancreatic elastases. Furthermore, AcSecapin-1 bound to bacterial and fungal surfaces and exhibited anti-microbial activity against fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the bee venom peptide secapin has multifunctional roles as an anti-fibrinolytic agent during fibrinolysis and an anti-microbial agent in the innate immune response.