吉林省尿石症高发地区饮用水微量元素及主要阴离子检测

目的：分析吉林省尿石症的发病与自然饮用水质的关系,进一步探讨其成因及预防措施。方法：根据吉林省不同地区尿石症的发病情况,测定各地区自然饮用水中的各种元素及阴离子含量,并对其进行统计分析探讨水质与尿石症的关系,并提出相应的改进措施。结果：不同区域自然饮用水的 pH、Na+、Ca2+和HCO-3具有显著差异（P<0.05）且高尿石症发病区饮用水的pH、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO-3明显偏高。病例率与饮水pH值之间的相关系数为0.781,与阳离子总量之间的相关系数为0.707,表明吉林省尿石症的形成与居民饮用水质存在一定的关联。结论：高Na+、Ca2+和pH值的水质即碱性水质利于草酸盐型尿石的形成,因此自然硬质水在饮用时必须进行软化处理。     

《千金方》胎产病中的“治未病”特色

通过梳理《千金方》妇人7卷,探讨其胎前产后病防治方法。孕期按月调理,起居饮食,精神调摄详备方案,并列出各时期的防流产方;临产详列禁忌和注意点以防难产;产后调护和补养之法,善于用药膳和酒剂等饮食疗法。诸法体现了孙氏对妇女胎前、产后及各个时期疾病在未病知防、欲病救萌、已病防变等方面“治未病”的思想和方法。     

红树林土壤微生物与其代谢产物研究进展

分布于海岸潮间带的红树林独特土壤生境中蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源,然而,由于认识水平和技术手段的限制,至今人们对红树林土壤微生物的系统了解仍较为有限。近年来,随着科学技术的发展,红树林土壤微生物及其相关活性代谢产物的研究引起了较多的关注。文中主要阐述了红树林土壤微生物物种多样性,代谢产物及其活性物质,生物修复作用等相关方面的研究进展,并展望了该领域研究的重要性和发展趋势。     

Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates and their differential toxicity against Helicoverpa armigera populations

Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were characterized in rhizospheric cotton soils by using acetate selection process from eight different locations in South India. The fact that B. thuringiensis indices were higher in proportion in soil samples taken from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka than from Andhra Pradesh, indicates the abundance of B. thuringiensis populations in the cotton rhizosphere. Biochemical typing of the isolates designated eight local isolates (BtNg13, BtCo1, BtHyb7, BtAm2, BtRm5, BtWr3, BtPl 4, BtN 9), which belong to subspecies kurstaki, the most prevalent subspecies. Toxicity assays on American boll worm larval (F(1) ) populations collected from the Andhra Pradesh, Bangalore and Coimbatore regions, with a susceptible insect strain against different isolates of B. thuringiensis kurstaki spore-crystal mix, revealed distinct susceptibility patterns and specificity. The highest susceptibility was observed in the F(1) populations of Coimbatore, followed by Bangalore and Hyderabad populations, in comparison with the susceptible insect strain. Significant differences were observed (p < 0.0005 and CD = 5.3975) among Btk local isolates, H. armigera biotypes, Btk spore-crystal mix concentration and their interactions, through the Multifactorial ANOVA analysis. The toxicity of local B. thuringiensis isolates was higher than that of HD-1 (reference B.t.k strain). Indigenous Btk isolates have an enormous potential for the management of H. armigera in terms of development of resistance to HD-1. The present study would serve as a baseline data for future resistance monitoring of B. thuringiensis strains in H. armigera in Southern India.     

Ecological feedbacks following deforestation create the potential for a catastrophic ecosystem shift in tropical dry forest

The long-term ecological response to recurrent deforestation associated with shifting cultivation remains poorly investigated, especially in the dry tropics. We present a study of phosphorus (P) dynamics in the southern Yucatán, highlighting the possibility of abrupt shifts in biogeochemical cycling resulting from positive feedbacks between vegetation and its limiting resources. After three cultivation–fallow cycles, available soil P declines by 44%, and one-time P inputs from biomass burning decline by 76% from mature forest levels. Interception of dust-borne P (“canopy trapping”) declines with lower plant biomass and leaf area, limiting deposition in secondary forest. Potential leaching losses are greater in secondary than in mature forest, but the difference is very small compared with the difference in P inputs. The decline in new P from atmospheric deposition creates a long-term negative ecosystem balance for phosphorus. The reduction in soil P availability will feed back to further limit biomass recovery and may induce a shift to sparser vegetation. Degradation induced by hydrological and biogeochemical feedbacks on P cycling under shifting cultivation will affect farmers in the near future. Without financial support to encourage the use of fertilizer, farmers could increase the fallow period, clear new land, or abandon agriculture for off-farm employment. Their response will determine the regional balance between forest loss and forest regrowth, as well as the frequency of use and rate of recovery at a local scale, further feeding back on ecological processes at multiple scales.     

Incidence of keratinophilic fungi from the soils of Vedanthangal Water Bird Sanctuary (India)

Fifty‐three soil samples were collected from various sites in the vicinity of Vedanthangal Water Bird Sanctuary and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting techniques for isolation. Twenty‐eight isolates were recovered and identified by recognition of their macro‐ and micromorphological features. Seven species related to five genera were recorded viz. Auxarthron conjugatum (1.89%), Chrysosporium fluviale (3.77%), Chrysosporium indicum (20.75%), Chrysosporium tropicum (7.55%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (5.66%), Gymnoascus petalosporus (1.89%) and Microsporum gypseum complex (11.32%). The study shows that migratory birds harbour a variety of keratinophiles and may be a potential source of transfer of these fungi from one location to another.     

Essential health care package for children ‐ the ‘Fit for School’ program in the Philippines

High prevalence of poverty diseases such as diarrhoea, respiratory tract infection, parasitic infections and dental caries among children in the developing world calls for a return to primary health care principles with a focus on prevention. The ‘Fit for School’ program in the Philippines is based on international recommendations and offers a feasible, low‐cost and realistic strategy using the principles of health promotion outlined in the Ottawa Charter. The cornerstone of the programme is the use of school structures for the implementation of preventive health strategies. ‘Fit for School’ consists of simple, evidence‐based interventions like hand washing with soap, tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste and other high impact interventions such as bi‐annual de‐worming as a routine school activity for all children visiting public elementary schools. The programme has been successfully rolled‐out in the Philippines covering 630,000 children in 22 provinces and it is planned to reach 6 million children in the next three years. The programme is a partnership project between the Philippine Department of Education and the Local Government Units with support for capacity development activities from the German Development Cooperation and GlaxoSmithKline.     

Effect of Fire on Pools of Mercury in Forest Soil,Central Europe

In year 2006, 17.9 ha of forest was burned during a forest fire at the Bohemian Switzerland National Park found in northern part of Czech Republic (CR), central Europe. Complete combustion of organic soil (4,039 t) on the burned area caused volatilization of 1.34 ± 0.07 kg of Hg. Thus Hg emissions due to fire amounted to 75.1 g ha⁻¹. The average burned forested areas in CR for the period 2000–2006 were reported at 356 ha with estimated Hg emissions at 26.7 kg year⁻¹, while the average anthropogenic emissions in the same period amounted to 3 t year⁻¹. Thus estimated mean emissions of Hg from burned forest soil in the period 2000–2006 reached 1% of the annual anthropogenic Hg emissions.     

天津市滨海新区汉沽垃圾处理场工程项目管理分析

以天津市滨海新区汉沽垃圾处理场工程为例,针对项目设计运行中存在的问题,在充分分析项目内外部环境条件下,提出具体的处理措施,并建立适宜的项目组织机构,保证了项目的正常运行,并取得了较好的成效。     

C60 exposure induced tissue damage and gene expression alterations in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus

Abstract

Effects of C₆₀ exposure (0, 15 or 154 mg/kg soil) on the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus were assessed at the tissue and molecular level, in two experiments. In the first experiment, earthworms were exposed for four weeks, and in the second lifelong. In both experiments, gene expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) decreased. For catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), no significant trends in gene expression or enzyme activity were observed. Gene expression of coelomic cytolytic factor-1 (CCF-1) did not alter in earthworms exposed for four weeks, but was significantly down-regulated in the lifelong exposure. Histology of earthworms exposed to C₆₀ in both experiments showed a damaged cuticle, with underlying pathologies of epidermis and muscles, as well as effects on the gut barrier. However, tissue repair was also observed in these earthworms. Overall, these data show that sub-lethal C₆₀ exposure to earthworms via the soil affects gene expression and causes tissue pathologies.