An income-weighted international average for comparative analysis of health expenditures

Data from 17 countries across 28 years are used to estimate an international health expenditure function based on real per capita GNP. Actual and expected spending levels are compared for 24 countries. Between 1960 and 1987, it has been rare for health expenditure in any country to be more than +/- 20 per cent from the projected value. The norm is for spending to rise at 1.5 times the growth rate of GDP. Two countries appear to display significant anomalies. Spending in the United Kingdom is consistently 15-25 per cent below normal for all years, and Danish expenditure has declined from 7 to 6 per cent of GDP since 1975.     

国际敏感指数在血浆凝血酶原时间测定中的应用

目的 :分析在测定 PT- INR实验过程中建立实验室敏感指数 (L ocal ISI)值的方法和必要性。方法 :在 CA- 15 0 0全自动凝血仪上使用 INR定标血浆建立 INR标准曲线 ,并做回归分析 ,计算出 L ocal ISI值 ,并利用 Dade- behring公司产品 Thromborel S凝血活酶试剂 ISI值和 L ocal ISI值分别测定 4 3例正常对照组和 2 0例长期口服抗凝药物治疗患者的凝血酶原时间 PT- INR,对两组结果进行统计处理。结果 :经校正本实验所用 Dade- behring公司产品 Throm borel S凝血活酶试剂 L ocal ISI值为 1.10 ,高于厂家提供的 ISI值。两组受试者利用 L ocal ISI值和 ISI值测定所得 PT- INR值差异有极显著性 (P<0 .0 1) L ocal ISI值组明显高于 ISI值组。结论 :直接利用试剂厂家标定的 ISI值进行 PT- INR值测定可能造成误差 ,仍应用 PT- INR定标血浆仪器上进行校正。利用实验室敏感指数 (L ocal ISI)值测定 PT- INR具有可信性 ,可应用于口服抗凝药物治疗监测     

Socioeconomic status and prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema symptoms in young adolescents

Environmental factors are known to influence the development of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in genetically susceptible individuals. Socioeconomic status (SES) may be an important indicator of risk for these conditions. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase 1 written questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence and severity of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptoms in 4947 pupils aged 13-14 years attending 30 schools in socioeconomically diverse areas of Cape Town. Home addresses were used to stratify participants into five SES bands. Relationships between symptom prevalence and severity, and SES, recent urbanization and upward socioeconomic mobility were examined. Logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in order to assess overall trends by SES. The prevalences of self-reported allergic rhinitis symptoms and recurrent itchy rash in the past year were 33.2% and 11.9% respectively. Girls had a significantly higher prevalence of all symptoms than boys. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms increased from lowest to highest SES (overall OR for rhinitis symptoms in past year = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.21). There was no significant trend in reported eczema symptoms by SES other than for the question, 'Have you ever had eczema' (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.93). Longer period of urbanization was weakly associated only with recurrent itchy skin rash (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09). 'Socially mobile' pupils, i.e. those resident in the lowest SES areas but attending highest SES schools showed significantly higher prevalences of eczema and some rhinitis symptoms than pupils attending lowest SES schools. These findings may reflect differences in reporting related to language, culture and access to medical care rather than real differences in prevalence.     

国际疾病分类（ICD）教学的相关问题探讨

国际疾病分类编码是一门重要的医学信息综合性课程,为了提高其教学质量,首先应培养学生的学习的兴趣和主动性;二是在教学过程中,充分与医学基础知识有机地结合的教学方式是提高教学质量重要方法;三是实习和见习是提高学生编码技术的重要步骤。     

中国科技期刊如何进入国际信息检索系统

以被多种国际著名信息检索系统收录的World Journal of Gastroenterology（WJG）杂志的发展历程为样例。探讨如何提高中国出版的科技期刊被国际信息系统收录的命中率，提高期刊的国际地位和知名度，更好地促进与国际的学术交流。     

人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会议关于通用技术文件的协调进展及其启示

本文旨在遵从药品注册技术要求一致化的原则下,对人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会议(ICH)所倡导执行的通用技术文件(CTD)进行比较全面的阐述和理解,详细介绍CTD在ICH6上的进展情况,就美国食品药品监督管理局对CTD的实施过程予以简介和研究,并深入探讨其对于我国药品注册规范等方面的影响和启示。     

Clinical observations on electroacupuncture treatment of unstable bladder

目的:对电针治疗不稳定膀胱进行临床疗效评价.方法:将患者随机分为电针组和对照组,根据治疗前后临床症状积分和生活质量评分的改善情况进行疗效评价.结果:观察指标两组治疗后均较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.05),两组间比较临床症状积分无显著性差异(P＞0.05);生活质量评分电针组较手法组下降明显(P＜0.05).结论:两种治疗方法对不稳定膀胱均有改善,其中电针组生活质量满意度要优于手法组,临床症状积分有低于手法组的趋势.     

浅谈药物流行病学和药品评价的发展与国际现状

药物流行病学是把流行病学的方法、知识和推理应用到临床药理学中,并以此为基础对特定人群或特定药品的使用情况、有效性及安全性进行集中研究,在对药品进行研究和评价的过程中起着十分重要的作用.同时,药物流行病学与药品评价的应用研究已经贯穿于药品的整个研发、使用、甚至流通等诸多领域,直接为制定相关治疗指导原则、国家药品政策提供依据.本文从药物流行病学的历史和发展、药物流行病学常用的研究方法、药物流行病学和药品评价在药品审批和管理过程中的应用以及非政府组织对药物流行病学和药品评价研究的推动等方面入手,着重分析了药物流行病学和药品评价的国际现状.