煤烟型氟中毒地区室内空气氟卫生标准的研究

根据煤烟型氟中毒地区环境流行病学调查和氟化物的毒理学研究结果,提出我国煤烟型氟中毒地区的室内空气氟卫生标准值为:室内空气氟日平均和一次最大容许浓度分别0.01mg/m~3与0.03mg/m~3。     

室内空气污染与儿童肺功能

对我国四个城市1343名儿童冬季肺功能测定的结果表明,室内RP和SO_2污染比较严重的承德、上海燃煤家庭中儿童FVC、FEV_1、PEF、V_(75)、V_(50)和V_(25)较燃气家庭降低1.5～10.7％。上海燃煤组儿童FVC异常率比燃气组高。其中父母吸烟的女孩肺功能比不吸烟者低。居住在沈阳大气SO_2污染较重的工业区的燃煤组儿童FEV_1和V_(50)异常率比居民区儿童高,这与室内空气中RP和SO_2等污染物浓度有关,部分还有被动吸烟或室外污染因素的参与。     

Extension of indoor residual spraying for malaria control into high transmission settings in Africa

Contrary to previous consensus, a recent WHO statement recommends a more dominant role for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in malaria control in high transmission settings of sub-Saharan Africa and re-emphasises the role of DDT. We review the issues related to this change in recommendation. In high transmission settings, IRS must be implemented indefinitely and at high quality to achieve control. As current infrastructure limitations and unpredictable funding make this unlikely, each country must carefully consider the role of IRS. There remains a need to support ongoing insecticide-treated net scale-up. Insecticide choice is hampered by the lack of economic costing data.     

Correlates of Tanning Facility Prevalence within San Diego County, California Census Tracts

Adolescents frequenting indoor tanning facilities may have an increased risk of skin cancer. The high level of indoor tanning by this age group may be due, in part, to the large number of tanning facilities in US cities. This study examined how facilities are distributed throughout one large county. Based on ecological models, it was predicted that tanning facilities are more likely to be located within certain neighborhoods based on the neighborhood’s distributions of demographic factors, including income, educational attainment, race/ethnicity, age, and sex. We also explored whether selected aspects of the built environment, including the numbers of high schools and fitness centers, would predict the number of tanning facilities. The number of tanning facilities within 605 census tracts of San Diego County was examined through geographic information systems mapping. Results from multivariate Poisson log-linear regression indicated that higher numbers or proportions of the following variables within a census tract were significantly, positively correlated with the number of tanning facilities: fitness centers, teenagers 15–19 years, females 15–24 years, females 25–29 years, and non-Hispanic Whites. Results from additional analyses using a 1000-foot buffer zone around each census tract boundary showed that higher relative distributions of the following variables were significantly, positively correlated with the number of tanning facilities: high schools, fitness centers, females 15–24 years, females 25–29 years, and non-Hispanic Whites. These findings suggest a relationship exists between the numbers of tanning facilities and certain built-environmental and demographic characteristics within census tracts. Determining this relationship is important for developing future interventions.     

Basic principles for the development of a common standardised method for determining the radon diffusion coefficient in waterproofing materials

Paper presents the principles for unified test methods for determining the radon diffusion coefficient in waterproof materials in order to increase the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of the results. We consider this very important, because an assessment of the radon diffusion coefficient is required by several national technical standards when waterproofing acts as a radon-proof membrane. The requirements for key parameters for one test method performed under non-stationary conditions and for two methods performed under stationary conditions are described in this paper.     

Childhood asthma and indoor allergen exposure and sensitization in Buffalo, New York

This nested case-control study examined the association between prevalent asthma and indoor allergen sensitization and/or exposure among children (aged 5-17 years) in Buffalo, New York. The study included a self-administered questionnaire, clinical interviews, skin allergen sensitivity tests and home dust sampling for house dust mites, cat, dog, cockroach and mouse allergens. After adjusting for multiple confounders, asthma cases had higher odds of being sensitized to Der p dust mites (odds ratio [OR]=1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-3.35), cat (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.13-3.39), or dog allergens (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.10-3.22) than the controls. A significantly positive association between asthma status presence of cat allergen in the child's mattress (ORs: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.09-6.28) was also found. Children with both sensitization and environmental exposure to cat allergens had higher odds of asthma (OR=7.08, 95% CI: 2.12-23.62) than those who were only sensitized to cat allergen (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.01-5.32) or had only home exposures (OR=1.47, 95% CI: 0.47-4.65). The association between allergen sensitization and asthma was more consistent than for home exposures. The findings help to confirm the role of allergen sensitization and home exposure in regard to asthma, and suggest that both, individually and jointly, are associated with asthma.     

北京市新装修场所室内空气的污染状况及其影响因素

目的调查北京新装修住宅室内空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物污染的情况,找出具有共性的影响因素,为控制室内空气污染提供依据。方法采用传感器法对北京地区新装修场所的207套房间进行了室内空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物的检测,找出室内环境空气质量具有共性的影响因素。结果有害物质的释放随着温度的升高而增多,春秋两季,甲醛和总挥发性有机物超标率达到39.0%和74.9%,夏季均为100%,冬季为14.3和42.9%%;不同居室类型中,空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物浓度最高的是会议厅内,均达到100.0%,其次是商务场所为42.9%和28.6%,最低的普通居民住宅为38.3%和79.2%;在相同外界因素下,通透户型的甲醛和总挥发性有机物浓度明显低于单面通风结构的住宅;阳面房间的有害物质浓度高于阴面的房间。结论温度、居室类型、户型、房间朝向是影响室内环境空气质量的主要影响因素。应针对污染情况,采取有效措施,以降低污染程度。     

Effects of the Indoor Horseback Riding Exercise on Electromyographic Activity and Balance in One-leg Standing

[Purpose] This study investigated the influence of the indoor horseback riding exercise on the electromyographic activity of the lower extremity and balance during one-leg standing. [Subjects] Twenty normal adults were divided into an indoor horseback riding exercise group (IHREG, n=10), which performed the indoor horseback riding exercise using equipment 3 times a week for 3 weeks, and a control group (CG, n=10), which performed no exercise. [Methods] For comparitive analysis, an electromyographic test was performed to measure the electromyographic activities of the rectus femoris (RF), adductor longus (AL), and gluteus medius and the Biodex Balance System was used to measure the anteroposterior stability index (APSI), mediolateral stability index, and overall stability index (OSI). [Results] The electromyographic activities of RF and AL significantly increased and the balance abilities of APSI and OSI decreased significantly in the IHREG compared to the CG. [Conclusion] We consider indoor horseback riding exercise is an effective intervention for increasing electromyographic activities of the RF and AL, and the balance abilities of APSI and OSI of normal adults.     

Ecological correlates of motor neuron disease mortality: a hypothesis concerning an epidemiological association with radon gas and gamma exposure

This study investigates variations in motor neuron disease (MND) mortality rates between the counties of England and Wales from 1981 to 1989, and their relationship with gamma-ray dose rates, indoor radon gas concentrations and enhanced general life expectancy. A stong correlation was confirmed between age-adjusted rates of MND mortality and life expectancy. Weaker, but statistically significant, associations were observed between indoor radon gas concentrations, terrestrial gamma radiation and marginal variations in MND mortality. Life expectancy and radon gas concentrations were positively associated with MND mortality rates whilst gamma radiation was negatively associated. The negative correlation of gamma radiation with MND mortality may be understood with reference to its negative effects on overall population life expectancy. Radon gas concentrations seemingly account for a small elevation in MND mortality, amounting to at most 4% of total deaths. Further research is required to investigate this association.     

氡防护标准和剂量评价中值得注意的几个问题

最近,居民氡流行病学调查取得了明显的进展,氡致肺癌超额相对危险为0.16%/100Bqm-3。在执行氡行动标准时,应注意对住宅和工作场所中,行动水平的含义是不同的。暴露量限值和导出空气浓度均是针对个人的,不能作为工作场所(源)控制的主要依据,工作场所中氡浓度控制主要应根据辐射防护最优化和约束值确定。