城市生活垃圾可降解有机碳估算方法的研究

依据政府间气象变化委员会(IPCC)推荐的城市生活垃圾可降解有机碳公式,研究了我国城市生活垃圾可降解有机碳的估算公式。确定了我国城市生活垃圾中可降解有机碳的成分,即厨余、纸类、织物、竹木和灰渣,并以沈阳和武汉作为采样点,进行测定可降解有机碳,并给出中国城市生活垃圾中可降解有机碳推荐值。     

人体死后不同时间玻璃体液化学成分的变化趋势

目的测定人死后玻璃体液化学成分含量,对多种化学指标进行分析,建立各自的回归方程,使玻璃体液检测能更广泛地应用于法医实践。方法用日本产OL YMPUS AU400自动生化仪对死后时间在0．5-216h的126例尸体玻璃体液中葡萄糖等11种成分的含量进行测定。结果①玻璃体液中葡萄糖、钠、氯随死后时间的延长而逐渐下降;尿素、肌酐、尿酸、钾、钙、镁、无机磷、微量蛋白随死后时间的延长而逐渐升高。葡萄糖、钾离子和无机磷与死亡时间的相关性好（r=-0．824,0．967,0．880）,而尿酸和微量蛋白则不能用于推断死亡时间（r=0．350,0．153）。②死后72h内,死亡时间的逐步回归方程为：Y=-35．15＋6．05X,R^2=0．957,X代表玻璃体液钾离子浓度。Y=-27．83＋5．49X1-1．35X2,R^2=0．960,X1、X2分别代表玻璃体液钾离子、葡萄糖浓度。Y=-16．37＋3．93X1-2．29X2＋5．36X3,R^2=0．966,X1、X2、X3分别代表玻璃体液钾离子、葡萄糖、无机磷浓度。结论①玻璃体液中葡萄糖等11种化学成分的含量随死后时间的延长而改变,其中钾离子在死后72h内与死亡时间最具有线性关系。②用逐步回归法建立多元回归方程推断死亡时间,可以提高对死亡时间估计的准确性。     

群随机试验与传统随机试验统计方法对比分析

目的 介绍群随机试验的统计方法并与传统方法比较。方法 以青少年戒烟干预试验为例,介绍群随机伯假设检验及样本含量估计方法。结果 用传统统计方法分析群随机坐产生虚假的统计显著性结论,增大了Ⅰ型错误;用传统样本含量计算公式将低估群随机试验所需的样本含量,增大了Ⅱ型错误。结论 忽视群效就将产生严重的统计分析偏性。     

能力指标在评估弱智儿童综合康复训练中的应用

目的 探讨能力指标在评估弱智儿童康复治疗中的意义。方法 应用综合康复由训练方法对弱智儿童进行为期6个月康复训练,以6项能力指标为评判指标进行训练前后测值对比。结果 48例患儿经过6个月综合训练均有不同程度进步,有效率100％,13例进步很明显占27．1％;患儿6项能力指标训练前后均显著提高．增加率为11．36％～60．53％,其顺序依次为语言交往能力（60．53％）〉社会适应能力（48．77％）〉认知能力（46．95％）〉感知能力（36．59％）生活自理能力（15．52％）〉运动能力（11．36％）。结论 6项能力指标能全面反映弱智儿童康复治疗状况,是良好的综合评价指标。     

A Review of the Metrics Used to Assess Auto-Contouring Systems in Radiotherapy

Auto-contouring could revolutionise future planning of radiotherapy treatment. The lack of consensus on how to assess and validate auto-contouring systems currently limits clinical use. This review formally quantifies the assessment metrics used in studies published during one calendar year and assesses the need for standardised practice. A PubMed literature search was undertaken for papers evaluating radiotherapy auto-contouring published during 2021. Papers were assessed for types of metric and the methodology used to generate ground-truth comparators. Our PubMed search identified 212 studies, of which 117 met the criteria for clinical review. Geometric assessment metrics were used in 116 of 117 studies (99.1%). This includes the Dice Similarity Coefficient used in 113 (96.6%) studies. Clinically relevant metrics, such as qualitative, dosimetric and time-saving metrics, were less frequently used in 22 (18.8%), 27 (23.1%) and 18 (15.4%) of 117 studies, respectively. There was heterogeneity within each category of metric. Over 90 different names for geometric measures were used. Methods for qualitative assessment were different in all but two papers. Variation existed in the methods used to generate radiotherapy plans for dosimetric assessment. Consideration of editing time was only given in 11 (9.4%) papers. A single manual contour as a ground-truth comparator was used in 65 (55.6%) studies. Only 31 (26.5%) studies compared auto-contours to usual inter- and/or intra-observer variation. In conclusion, significant variation exists in how research papers currently assess the accuracy of automatically generated contours. Geometric measures are the most popular, however their clinical utility is unknown. There is heterogeneity in the methods used to perform clinical assessment. Considering the different stages of system implementation may provide a framework to decide the most appropriate metrics. This analysis supports the need for a consensus on the clinical implementation of auto-contouring.     

Evaluation of the usage of the cervical 7th vertebra in sex estimation with measurements on computerized tomography images

Sex estimation is the primary step in biological profiling via identification using skeletal elements. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of the seventh cervical vertebra for sex estimation. The cervical computed tomography scans of 200 female and 200 male patients aged ≥ 20 years were analyzed. Eight different measurements of the seventh cervical vertebra were performed, including the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the foramen vertebra, transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the corpus vertebra inferior surface, height of the corpus vertebra, corpus vertebrae-spinous process angle, and height and length of the spinous process. Independent two-sample t-test was performed; significant differences were observed between the sexes in all measurements except corpus vertebrae-spinous process angle. Further, univariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the length of spinous process showed the highest dimorphism. Among the univariate models created, the model obtained using only the length of the spinous process reached an accuracy rate of 80 %. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (via Forward LR Wald) was used for sex estimation with an accuracy of up to 90.8 % (89 % for men and 92.5 % for women). In conclusion, the seventh cervical vertebra is dimorphic in the Turkish population and allows sex estimation with high accuracy rates.