Removal of cardiac beat artifact in oesophageal pressure measurement by frequency analysis

Oesophageal pressure (Pes) measurements are important in medical research and useful in clinical diagnosis. Measurements, however, are contaminated heavily by cardiac artifacts. The spectrum and waveform of the Pes signal is obtained from the oesophageal balloon. Adaptive finite impulse response (AFIR) filter and modified adaptive noise cancellation (MANC) methods are adopted to filter out cardiac beat interference. These results are compared. In the frequency domain, frequency variations and spectral overlap between the Pes components and cardiac beat signal components impact on the performance of the filter. From our experimental results on power strength, the fourth or higher harmonics did not have any significant effect on the filter performance. However, the second harmonics of these signals had a significant effect on the filtering result. Thus, in the design of AFIR filters, attention is needed to minimise these effects. In frequency analysis, these harmonics or overlapping frequencies do not affect MANC. MANC was the better method for eliminating cardiac beat artifact in Pes measurement. The dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was also used to evaluate the performance of MANC and AFIR. The standard deviation of Cdyn was less than 0.15 using MANC, compared with standard deviations as high as 0.57 for AFIR. We conclude that MANC performs better than AFIR.     

利用独立准直器开展调强放疗算法研究

研究利用独立准直器调整射野强度分布。设计了两种递推的办法来计算射野处序列,采用模拟退火算法优化射野片的照射顺序。并以在Ｖａｒｉａｎ ６００Ｃ轲速器上实施三个临床调强射野为例,估计ＩＣ调强放疗的照射时间。照射时间一般在５至１０ｍｉｎ。它近似与机器剂量率成反比,并受调强算法,矩阵元素大小以及强度分级数的影响。     

Modelling the dynamic ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans

A two-component dynamic model was used to describe the ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in humans. One component (X_s) represents the stimulating effects of hypoxia and the other component (X_d), the hypoxic ventilatory decline. The total ventilatory response to hypoxia is represented by the sum of the two components. A nonlinearity is included to account for the nonlinear steady-state ventilatory response to hypoxia. A sensitivity analysis of the model indicates that, with a step change in as the input, all the parameters can be estimated from the data except for the nonlinearity. The relative sensitivity of the parameters from the model analysis was confirmed in an experimental study. However, comparing steps into hypoxia versus steps out of hypoxia we found a decrease in the gains of both components. The most likely explanation for the decrease in the gains is that the combination of X_s and X_d is not entirely additive. Other models may be required to completely describe the ventilatory response to inputs more complex than steps.     

Dynamic digitized cerebral parenchymography

Summary Aortic arch injections centred on the head have been performed routinely in patients with cerebral ischaemia. Digital angiograms with modified windowing (low and narrow) have been used. This cerebral arch injection allows much improved analysis of the cerebral parenchymal vascularization, giving better understanding of hemispheric ischaemia and making the decision about revascularization more rational.     

乳腺癌放疗应用动态楔形板和物理楔形板对健侧乳腺和肺受量的影响

目的比较乳腺癌放疗中应用动态楔形板和物理楔形板对健侧乳腺和肺受量的影响。方法把实际治疗使用的计划加动态楔形板和物理楔形板分别计算13例患者,得出健侧乳腺(CB)、全肺和患侧肺的剂量分布。CB1和CB2是从内切野边缘算起两个长分别为4、10cm,内侧边界从皮肤表面标记铅丝至皮下3cm处的区域,用来代表健侧乳腺的受量情况。比较CB1和CB2所用指标为平均值,比较肺所用指标为患侧肺平均剂量及双肺V20。所用计划系统为CadPlan治疗计划系统。利用水模、电离室进行实际测量,并对比CadPlan和Eclipse计划系统的计算结果。结果在靶区覆盖率相同情况下,采用30°动态楔形板时,CB1和CB2的剂量百分比分别为1.5%～3.9%和1.1%～2.6%,患侧肺为4.1%～14.7%。采用30°物理楔形板时,CB1和CB2的剂量百分比分别为1.5%～4.4%和1.2%～3.0%,患侧肺为4.4%～15.2%。两种情况下全肺V20基本相同。采用15°动态楔形板时,CB1和CB2的剂量百分比也有所降低,但比30°楔形板时小得多;患侧肺的剂量百分比、全肺V20基本相同。实际测量结果说明采用动态板可以使正常组织受量降低。结论采用动态楔形板减少了健侧乳腺的剂量百分比,肺受量也有所减少或基本相同,从而可能使二次乳腺癌、放射性肺炎及肺纤维化等副作用的发生概率下降。     

Hydro-dynamic CT preoperative staging of gastric cancer: correlation with pathological findings. A prospective study of 107 cases

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of dynamic CT in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer. One hundred seven patients affected by gastric cancer diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy were prospectively staged by dynamic CT prior to tumor resection. After an oral intake of 400–600 ml of tap water and an intravenous infusion of a hypotonic agent, 200 ml of non-ionic contrast agent were administered by power injector using a biphasic technique. The CT findings were prospectively analyzed and correlated with the pathological findings at surgery. The accuracy of dynamic CT for tumor detection was 80 and 99 % in early and advanced gastric cancer, respectively, with overall detection rate of 96 % (103 of 107). Three early (pT1) and one advanced (pT2) cancers were undetected. Tumor stage as determined by dynamic CT agreed with pathological findings in 83 of 107 patients with an overall accuracy of 78 %. The accuracy of CT in detecting increasing degrees of depth of tumor invasion when compared with pathological TNM staging was 20 % (3 of 15) and 87 % (80 of 92) in early and advanced cancer, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT in the preoperative staging (pT3–pT4 vs pT1–pT2) was 93, 90, and 91.6 %, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT in assessing metastasis to regional lymph nodes was 97.2, 65.7, and 87 %, respectively. Computed tomography correctly staged liver metastases in 105 of 107 patients with an overall sensitivity of 87.5 % and specificity of 99 %. The sensitivity of peritoneal involvement was 30 % when ascites or peritoneal nodules were absent. Our findings show that dynamic CT can play a role in the preoperative definition of gastric cancer stage. The results can be used to optimize the therapeutic strategy for each individual patient prior to surgery, thus avoiding unnecessary intervention and allowing careful planning of extended surgery in eligible patients. Received: 29 June 1999, Revised: 20 October 1999, Accepted: 22 May 2000     

马根维显动态增强核磁共振评价肾积水疗效

目的了解马根维显(Gd-DTPA)动态增强核磁共振(MRI)评估肾积水术后疗效的应用价值。方法单侧肾积水患者11例,年龄7～42岁,平均19.5岁,均为男性;左侧肾积水9例,右侧2例;病因经静脉尿路造影(intravenousurography,IVU)和B超确诊,10例为先天性肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(pelvicureterjunctionobstruction,PUJO),1例为输尿管中段慢性炎症所致不完全性梗阻;10例PUJO实施狭窄部成形术,另1例施行输尿管狭窄段切除并输尿管端端吻合术。应用Gd-DTPA作为对比剂,分别在术前1个月和术后3个月实施动态增强MRI检查,选取肾实质、肾盂和集合系统的类圆形区域作为兴趣区(regionofinteresting,ROI),计算不同时间点不同兴趣区的信号强度(signalintensity,SI)和相对信号强度(relativeSI,RSI),绘制T-SI曲线,对术前术后肾脏的形态和功能状态进行评估和比较。结果积水肾脏术前肾实质与术后综合评价无显著性差异(P>0.05),肾盂和集合系统排泄对比剂明显减慢,各ROI和SI以及持续时间与术后肾脏相比均有明显的差异(P<0.05)。结论动态增强MRI作为一种简单、安全无创的技术、联合评估肾形态和功能,对于评价肾积水手术疗效具有重要的临床价值。     

近距离放射治疗仪和适形调强放疗机的探讨

放疗仪器是利用电离辐射对肿瘤进行治疗的装置;近距离放疗仪器是指将封装好的放射源经人体腔道放在肿瘤体附近或表面,或是将细针管插植于肿瘤体内导入射线源实施照射的放疗技术.通过改变射束剖面强度分布,达到形状适形和剂量适形,叫做调强适形放疗技术.     

Detection of severe acute pancreatitis by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

The aim of the study was to assess the ability of MRI to differentiate between the two forms of severity of acute pancreatitis (AP), which is important for the detection of patients who require intensive monitoring and therapy. The second objective was to evaluate whether the distinction would be possible regardless of the MRI equipment. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after intravenous administration of a gadolinium (Gd) chelate at 1.0 T using the breath-hold multislice rapid gradient-echo turbo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence in 14 patients, and at 1.5 T with the 2D FLASH(50) sequence with fat saturation in 18 patients with acute pancreatitis early in the course of the disease. The patients were classified according to the Atlanta classification system as having the mild (MAP) or severe (SAP) form of the disease. At 1.0 T with use of a body coil, contrast-enhanced MRI failed to distinguish mild from severe pancreatitis. At 1.5 T with a phased-array body coil, the signal intensities of the patients with SAP were statistically significantly lower than those of the MAP group. Our initial clinical experience suggests that MRI with a sufficient magnetic field gradient strength may be useful for separating the two forms of acute pancreatitis in their early phases. Received: 19 January 1999; Revised: 28 May 1999; Accepted: 22 July 1999     

湖南省安仁县1990～2000年儿童先天性疝气发病率分析

目的 了解1990～2000年湖南省安仁县先天性疝气发病率的动态变化趋势及流行病学特征。方法 对1990～2000年出生的围产儿进行监测登记，资料用Visual Foxpro建立数据库，并用SPSS(10．0)统计软件包对先天性疝气的发病情况进行X^2检验等统计学分析。结果1990～2000年湖南省安仁县先天性疝气的发病率变化明显(X^2=47．74，P＜0．05)，2000年发病率最高为21．62％，1998年发病率最低为4．54‰，年平均发病率为8．58‰；全县21个乡镇中，安平发病率最高为14．95‰，洋际发病率最低为3．20‰，不同乡镇间发病率差异无显著性(X^2=1．282，P＞0．05)；男性发病率为13．96900，女性发病率为1．46900，两者之间差异显著(X^2=217．81，P＜0．05)。结论 湖南省安仁县1990～2000年出生儿童先天性疝气的发病率较高，且有上升趋势，各乡镇间发病率差异无显著性，男女发病率差异显著。