简明自知力评定量表的信度，效度测定

目的 测查简明自知力评定量表的信度和效度。方法 使用简明自知力评定量表对79例精神分裂症患者的自知力进行评定,测查其信度和效度。结果 显示该量表的重测信度为0．83,评定者之间的信度为0．91,分半信度为0．84,与ITAQ及临床自知力评定结果之间的效标效率分别为0．72和0．76,与BPRS的相关系数为－0．31。结论 该量表具有较好的信度和效度。     

Validity of observed differences in dietary surveys by two self-administered questionnaires over a 5-year period: Concordance with self-reported change

Differences observed by comparing the responses to two surveys taken 5 years apart were compared with self-reported changes in dietary habits in the second survey to examine the construct validity of dietary change. That is, when an observed difference about a certain food was consistent with a self-reported change, these two methods seemed to show a high validity regarding dietary change. Both surveys used the same self-administered food intake frequency questionnaire, and subjective changes in food intake were evaluated at the second survey (self-reported change). Eight hundred fifty-five males and one thousand females aged 30-69 years were analyzed. Since results by both methods showed a higher frequency of increased intake of green-yellow vegetables in general, pale- colored vegetables in general, carrots, and squash, these results were thought to be of high validity. However, cabbage, lettuce, and seaweeds showed inconsistent results regarding higher frequencies of intake. Changes among quintiles of lower frequency seemed to show lower validity because the results obtained by the two methods were often inconsistent for dairy foods and some other foods. Thus, self-reported changes may reflect respondents’ attitudes toward foods, not their actual behavior.     

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean fibromyalgia impact questionnaire in women patients with fibromyalgia for clinical research

Our aim was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire into Korean (KFIQ), and then evaluate its reliability and validity. The FIQ was translated into Korean by three translators and then independently translated back into English by three different translators. A total of 62 women patients with fibromyalgia (FM) were studied for the psychometric properties of the KFIQ. The mean age of the patients was 47.1 (25-73) years, and all were female. The mean KFIQ score was 48.3 (17-91), and the mean Korean health assessment questionnaire (KHAQ) score was 0.4 (0-1.7). The test-retest reliability of the KFIQ yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.85 (0.53-0.96). For the construct validity, the Spearman rank correlations of KFIQ with patient global assessments using visual analog scale (pain, 0.58; morning stiffness, 0.45; fatigue, 0.48; depression, 0.43; anxiety, 0.56; global well-being, 0.46; disease severity, 0.49; impact on life, 0.51), KHAQ (0.44), and tender points (0.60) were high and statistically significant. The KFIQ might be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health status and physical functioning in Korean women patients with FM, but needs further study.     

注意缺陷多动障碍诊断量表父母版的中国城市儿童常模制定及其信度和效度的检验

目的建立父母用注意缺陷多动障碍诊断量表(ADHDDS P)的中国城市儿童常模，并检验其信度和效度。 方法中南大学湘雅二院精神卫生研究所等单位于2004 08—2005 04在全国12个城市采样1616例(男777例，女839例)，年龄6~17(1110±280)岁，由父母填写ADHDDS P。 结果常模样本男性在注意缺陷、多动冲动分量表和总分都高于女性；注意缺陷分量表在各年龄之间差异无显著性意义，多动冲动分量表和总分6~8岁得分最高，随年龄增加而得分递减。信度：间隔4周量表总分的重测信度r=072;Crobachａ系数091;项目与总分的一致性r为061~071；父母和教师之间的一致性032。效度：与Conners父母症状问卷的多动指数(r=075)，CBCL的注意问题(r=065)、外化性问题(r=065)相关；ADHD儿童的得分显著高于常模组；以常模第93百分位作为划界分，对ADHD诊断的灵敏度为092，特异度为090。因子分析提取三因素模型：注意缺陷、多动和冲动。 结论ADHDDS常模分布存在年龄和性别差异，其信度效度达到心理测量学要求，可用于我国儿童ADHD辅助诊断。     

Development and Face Validity of Explicit indicators of Appropriateness of Long Term Prescribing

Objectives: To develop a set of explicit and operationalisable indicators of appropriate prescribing and assess their face validity using clinical pharmacists practising in secondary and primary care. Method: Appropriateness indicators were derived from the literature, applied to data in the hospital clinical records of all newly prescribed long-term drugs for 50 randomly selected patients, further refined and then applied to another 25 randomly selected patients. A pre-piloted postal questionnaire was sent to 200 hospitals and primary care pharmacists, asking them to assess the indicators as to their importance for the assessment of appropriateness of long-term prescribing initiated in hospitals. Results: Fourteen indicators were developed and piloted. Of the 16 original indicators, 5 were discarded, as they were unable to be operationalised, and 2 were subdivided to reflect the routinely available data. Eighty-six pharmacists with individual patient-focussed clinical duties took part in the assessment of the face validity (response rate 43%). Eleven indicators achieved a median importance rating of 1 (very important), and three indicators a median importance rating of 2 on a 5-point scale. The three most important indicators overall were ‘indication included in discharge summary’, ‘questionable high-risk therapeutic combination’ and ‘hazardous drug-drug combination’. Conclusion: It was possible to develop and operationalise 14 indicators of the appropriateness of long-term prescribing commenced in hospital practice, all of which were considered to have face validity by an expert panel of clinical pharmacists. The development of these explicit indicators highlighted the incompleteness of the patient’s record. Further work is needed to assess their validity and reliability, before their use in research or audit can be recommended.     

Reliability and validity of a smartphone-based assessment of gait parameters across walking speed and smartphone locations: Body,bag, belt,hand, and pocket

The assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters is a useful clinical indicator of health status. Unfortunately, most assessment tools require controlled laboratory environments which can be expensive and time consuming. As smartphones with embedded sensors are becoming ubiquitous, this technology can provide a cost-effective, easily deployable method for assessing gait. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a smartphone-based accelerometer in quantifying spatiotemporal gait parameters when attached to the body or in a bag, belt, hand, and pocket. Thirty-four healthy adults were asked to walk at self-selected comfortable, slow, and fast speeds over a 10-m walkway while carrying a smartphone. Step length, step time, gait velocity, and cadence were computed from smartphone-based accelerometers and validated with GAITRite. Across all walking speeds, smartphone data had excellent reliability (ICC_2,1 ≥ 0.90) for the body and belt locations, with bag, hand, and pocket locations having good to excellent reliability (ICC_2,1 ≥ 0.69). Correlations between the smartphone-based and GAITRite-based systems were very high for the body (r = 0.89, 0.98, 0.96, and 0.87 for step length, step time, gait velocity, and cadence, respectively). Similarly, Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that the bias approached zero, particularly in the body, bag, and belt conditions under comfortable and fast speeds. Thus, smartphone-based assessments of gait are most valid when placed on the body, in a bag, or on a belt. The use of a smartphone to assess gait can provide relevant data to clinicians without encumbering the user and allow for data collection in the free-living environment.     

Development of a valid and reliable test to assess trauma radiograph interpretation performance

ObjectivesThe purpose of this investigation was to develop and examine the preliminary validity and reliability among radiographers of a test to assess trauma radiograph interpretation performance suitable for use among health professionals.MethodsStage 1 examined 14,159 consecutive appendicular and axial examinations from a hospital emergency department over a 12 month period to quantify a typical anatomical region case-mix of trauma radiographs. A sample of radiographic cases representative of affected anatomical regions was then developed into the Image Interpretation Test (IIT). Stage 2 involved prospective investigations of the IIT's reliability (inter-rater, intra-rater, internal consistency) and validity (concurrent) among 41 radiographers.ResultsThe IIT included 60 cases. The median (interquartile range) clinical experience of participants was 5 (2–10) years. Case scores were internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90). Favourable inter-rater reliability (kappa > 0.70 for 58/60 cases, Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.99 for total score) and intra-rater reliability (kappa > 0.90 for 60/60 cases, ICC > 0.99 for total score) was observed. There was a positive association between radiographers' confidence in image interpretation and IIT score (coefficient = 1.52, r-squared = 0.60, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe IIT developed during this investigation included a selection of radiographic cases consistent with anatomical regions represented in an adult trauma case-mix. This study has also provided foundational preliminary evidence to support the reliability and validity of the IIT among radiographers. The findings suggest that it is possible to assess image interpretation performance of adult trauma radiographs with this test.     

Validity of 2D lateral cephalometry in orthodontics: a systematic review

Lateral cephalometric radiography is commonly used as a standard tool in orthodontic assessment and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the available scientific literature and existing evidence for the validation of using lateral cephalometric imaging for orthodontic treatment planning. The secondary objective was to determine the accuracy and reliability of this technique. We did not attempt to evaluate the value of this radiographic technique for other purposes. A literature search was performed using specific keywords on electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Two reviewers selected relevant articles, corresponding to predetermined inclusion criteria. The electronic search was followed by a hand search of the reference lists of relevant papers. Two reviewers assessed the level of evidence of relevant publications as high, moderate or low. Based on this, the evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy was rated as strong, moderately strong, limited or insufficient. The initial search revealed 784 articles listed in MEDLINE (Ovid), 1,034 in Scopus and 264 articles in the Web of Science. Only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative synthesis. Results showed seven studies on the role of cephalometry in orthodontic treatment planning, eight concerning cephalometric measurements and landmark identification and two on cephalometric analysis. It is surprising that, notwithstanding the 968 articles published in peer-reviewed journals, scientific evidence on the usefulness of this radiographic technique in orthodontics is still lacking, with contradictory results. More rigorous research on a larger study population should be performed to achieve full evidence on this topic.     

Psychometric properties of the Dutch Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire in severely injured patients

In this cross-sectional study the psychometric properties are examined of the adapted Dutch translation of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire in severely injured patients (ISS > 15).Patients and methodsPatients (N = 173) completed the SMFA, the World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), the Dutch Impact of Event Scale (IES), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ). The Abbreviated Injury Score and the Injury Severity Score were established to determine the injured body area and the severity of the injuries. Exploratory factor analysis (method: PAF) was performed. Correlations were calculated between our SMFA factors and scores on the WHOQOL-BREF, IES, HADS and CFQ. The SMFA scores of the factors Upper extremity dysfunction and Lower extremity dysfunction were compared between subgroups of patients with and without injuries in respectively the upper extremities and the lower extremities. For responsiveness analysis, data were compared with the baseline SMFA measurement of a reference group.ResultsA three-factor structure was found: Lower extremity dysfunction, Upper extremity dysfunction, and Emotion. Strong correlations between the SMFA and the other questionnaires were found. Patients with injury of the lower extremities had significantly higher scores on the factor Lower extremity dysfunction than patients without injury of the lower extremities (p = 0.017). In none of the factors, a significant difference in mean scores was found between patients with and without injury of the upper extremities. Severely injured patients had significantly higher SMFA scores than the reference group (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe adapted Dutch translation of the SMFA showed good psychometric properties in severely injured patients. It appeared to be useful to get a general overview of patients’ Health Status as well as patients’ Health Related Quality Of Life.