京剧嗓音的声学分析及音域特征

目的　从声学角度客观地检测京剧的嗓音特征 ,为京剧演唱者嗓音的训练和保护提供参考。方法　对 73名 1 6～ 5 7岁不同行当的专业京剧演员或学员 ,利用Dr Speech计算机频谱分析系统对元音 /a/、/i/歌唱舒适音和唱段进行声学参数的检测和分析。结果　各行当元音 /a/、/i/歌唱舒适音的基频 (fundamentalfrequency,F0 )分别是 :丑角 (2 72 6± 42 0 )Hz( x±s ,下同 )、(30 4 2± 2 2 1 )Hz;小生 (499 3± 34 0 )Hz,(485 4± 1 8 7)Hz;老生 (335 6± 6 0 0 )Hz,(31 7 9± 45 1 )Hz ;花脸 (31 9 0±6 1 3)Hz,(34 0 1± 6 8 8)Hz;老旦 (42 7 6± 47 2 )Hz,(437 7± 45 8)Hz ;花旦 (5 35 8± 48 8)Hz,(5 6 1 6± 2 9 2 )Hz ;青衣 (5 48 0± 6 9 5 )Hz,(5 43 5± 79 3)Hz;其它声学参数 :频率微扰 (pitchperiodperturbation,或Jitter)、振幅微扰 (amplitudeperturbation ,或Shimmer)和声门噪声能量 (也称标准化噪声能量级 ,normalizednoiseenergy ,NNE)均在软件提供的正常值范围内 ;京剧演员歌唱音域的跨度为 1 7～ 2 8个八度 ,最低音和多数最高音均比西洋唱法的高音声部相应的值高。结论　京剧嗓音有着独特的声学特征 ;结果对其嗓音的训练和保护有一定的临床参考     

Improved accuracy and extended flow range for a Fleisch pneumotachograph

A large linear flow range and a small instrumental dead space volume are incompatible properties for a pneumotachometer (PTM). The linearity of a Fleisch number 2 PTM is studied for flows up to 6 litre s-1 (nominal range 0-2 litre s-1) with various up- and downstream geometries. It is hypothesised that using an array of calibration factors (conductance; flow/pressure), instead of a single calibration factor over the entire flow range, could improve accuracy and also extend the applicable flow range. The conductance against pressure characteristics are calculated with a previously described weighted averaging technique based on multiple strokes from a precision syringe. A single conductance value gives stroke volume errors in the range of -5 to 3% (0-2 litre s-1) and -6 to 11% (0-6 litre s-1) for validation using the same geometry as for calibration. The pressure dependent conductance improves accuracy to within -3% and 1% independent of flow range. However, for validation using a different geometry than for calibration, errors range from -5% to +8%. The degree of non-linearity varies between the geometries (range 3-15%) and is highest when using a one-directional valve upstream of the PTM and a Y-shaped connector. In conclusion, a pressure-dependent conductance improves accuracy and can also be used to extend the applicable flow range up to at least three times the nominal flow range.     

Laboratory data in healthy volunteers: reference values, reference changes, screening and laboratory adverse event limits in Phase I clinical trials

Objective: Laboratory data are key evaluation procedures for Phase I clinical pharmacology for two reasons. Firstly, laboratory data are used within the screening process to exclude subjects with asymptomatic diseases, which could result in increased danger to themselves or confuse interpretation of the study results. Secondly, during study implementation, safety evaluation and in particular maximum tolerated dose determination have to be done by a case-by-case analysis, sometimes using laboratory adverse events (LAEs). Thus, relevant limits are needed to discriminate between a usual common variation and a significant abnormality, which is considered to be a LAE. This report presents laboratory data distribution, reference values and reference changes and, based on previously published new methods, suggests inclusion limits at screening and laboratory adverse event limits for analysis during study implementation. Subjects and methods: Nine hundred and twenty-seven young healthy male volunteers were recruited in one centre (Association de Recherche Thérapeutique). A standard screening process was carried out. Protocols were approved by the local ethics committee. Blood sampling was performed in the same conditions. Reference values (at screening and at baseline) were determined by a non-parametric procedure selecting 2.5% and 97.5% of the distribution of data. Reference changes were also defined as the 2.5–97.5% interval of distribution of the variations between the end of treatment and baseline. Inclusion limit and LAE limit methods of determination used had been specified in previous articles. Results: Detailed results of laboratory data distribution, reference values at screening and at baseline, reference changes, inclusion limits and LAE limits are presented in tables with number of subjects, mean, median, standard deviation, minimal and maximal values and the 2.5–97.5% interval for each laboratory parameter. Conclusion: The key aims of this paper are to provide clinical pharmacologists with data, reference values or changes obtained in the real conditions of Phase I study implementation, and to propose relevant limits, either for screening as inclusion limits, or during studies as LAE limits. Thus, these data, reference values and specific limits improve the capacity to screen healthy volunteers and to analyse LAEs during Phase I studies. Received: 30 July 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 25 November 1998     

A prospective randomised trial on the effect of monitoring plasma anticonvulsant levels in epilepsy

Summary To evaluate whether knowledge of plasma levels of anti-epileptic drugs has an effect on therapeutic outcome, 127 epileptic outpatients were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B). Plasma levels of group A were reported to the treating physician who attempted to keep the plasma levels within the therapeutic range. The treating physician was not informed of the results of plasma lavel determinations of group B. Data from 105 patients were available for assessment at the end of the study year. Therapeutic results of groups A and B were not significantly different. The reduction in seizure frequency was associated with an increase in plasma concentrations of the anti-epileptic drugs. Thus, under the conditions of the study, knowledge of plasma levels of anti-epileptic drugs did not further improve therapeutic results.

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Zusammenfassung Um festzustellen, ob die Kenntnis des Plasmaspiegels der Antiepileptika das Therapieergebnis verbessern kann, wurden 127 ambulant behandelte Patienten mit Epilepsie in randomisierter Reihenfolge in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt (A und B). Die Plasmaspiegel der Antiepileptika in Gruppe A wurden dem behandelnden Arzt mitgeteilt, der versuchen sollte, die Plasmaspiegel in den Therapeutischen Bereich zu bringen. Die Ergebnisse der Plasmaspiegelbestimmung in Gruppe B (Kontrollgruppe) wurden dem behandelnden Arzt nicht mitgeteilt. Am Ende des Untersuchungsjahres konnten die Daten von 105 Patienten ausgewertet werden. Das Behandlungsergebnis von Gruppe A und von Gruppe B war am Ende des Beobachtungsjahres nicht signifikant verschieden. Die Abnahme der Anfallshäufigkeit ging mit einem Anstieg der Plasmakonzentration der Antiepileptika einher. Somit konnte unter den Bedingungen dieser Studie das Therapieergebnis durch die Kenntnis der Plasmaspiegel der Antiepileptika nicht weiter verbessert werden.

     

Memory and the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system in the rat

This study examined the effects of intrahippocampal injections of scopolamine (a muscarinic antagonist drug) on performance of a working-memory task (contingently) reinforced T-maze alternation) and a reference-memory task (visual discrimination) by the same rats in the same maze. Rats in the first shipment were trained in delayed alternation, received bilateral implantation of cannulae aimed at the CA3 field of the dorsal hippocampus, and were tested for retention with 1 l microinjections of scopolamine (35 g) and saline on alternate days. These rats were then trained on visual discrimination and tested alternately under scopolamine or saline as described above. It was found that scopolamine impaired performance of delayed alternation to a greater extent than performance of visual discrimination. Data from rats in the second shipment replicated this finding, with the order of the tasks reversed, and, additionally, showed that delayed alternation, but not visual discrimination, was impaired at a dose of 12 g/l. A dose of 4 g/l had no effect on either task. It is concluded that performance of a workingmemory task is significantly more sensitive to disruption of cholinergic mechanisms in the hippocampus than performance of a reference-memory task.Supported by PHS Training Grant MH-14577. Now at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA     

紫外分光光度法测定土霉素片的含量

目的：应用紫外分光光度法测定土霉素片的含量。方法：用0．01mol／LHCL溶液作溶剂。紫外检测波长271nm。结果：通过实验方法考察，样品浓度每4ml～32土霉素单位范围内呈良好的线性关系。回收率为100．1％(n=8)。结论：方法简便、快速、结果稳定。     

提高稀释液浓度测定硫酸卡那霉素含量

目的：探讨按中国药典（2000年版）抗生素微生物检定法测定硫酸卡那霉素含量的最后稀释液浓度范围；方法：应用ZY－300IV型抗生素抑菌圈面积测量分析仪，测定硫酸卡那霉素抑菌圈面积与对数剂量的线性关系范围；结果：测定硫酸卡那霉素含量时，最后稀释液浓度范围在5.5-20.4IU/ml内对数剂量与抑菌圈面积呈直线关系。     

Assessment of patellar maltracking using combined static and dynamic MRI

Between January 1995 and Jul 1997, 474 patients with anterior knee pain resistant to conservative treatment were referred for MR of the knee. The MR examination consisted of routine sequences with an additional patellofemoral dynamic examination using a technique that has been developed at this institution. The dynamic study examines both knees simultaneously, with the patient supine and the quadriceps loaded. No gating or restraint apparatus is needed. Patellar subluxation or tilt was present in 188(40 %) of cases, bilateral in 104 and unilateral in 84 cases (right 39, left 45). It was classified as mild in 51 %, moderate in 39 % and severe in 10 %. Subluxation was more prevalent in females than males (42 % vs. 37 %) and this was most obvious in the severe group where 68 % were female. In 90 knees selected at random, four measurements of patellofemoral morphology were obtained using reconstructed images from a volume gradient echo sequence. These measurements were correlated with the degree of subluxation or tilt. A tibial tubercle distance greater than 20 mm, a femoral sulcus angle greater than 150 degrees, sulcus depth less than 4 mm were specific for subluxation but no measurement proved to be sufficiently sensitive to preclude a tracking study. MRI can be used to define more precisely the anatomy of the extensor mechanism and its relationship to the femur and tibia, in both a static and dynamic setting. In this way, patients with anterior knee pain can be classified more accurately and the outcomes of treatment more reliably assessed. Received: 17 September 1999; Revised: 31 January 2000; Accepted: 4 February 2000     

SD大鼠血液学指标和血清生化学指标参考值探讨

目的 探讨SD大鼠血液学指标和血清生化学指标的参考值.方法 收集3个批次雌雄共586只大鼠的17项血液学、血清生化学指标进行统计分析.结果 17项指标的平均值及其95%参考值范围的性别差异无显著性;RBC在不同批次的雌雄鼠之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).雌鼠WBC、AST的测定值批间差异有显著性(P＜0.05),雄鼠批间差异无显著性.雄鼠ALB、TG的测定值批间差异有显著性(P＜0.05),雌鼠批间差异无显著性.结论 SD大鼠亚慢性经口(试验前)17项血液学和血清生化学指标参考值与文献报道一致;并且雌雄鼠可以合并计算.