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51.
T B Vree Y A Hekster M W Tijhuis E F Termond J F Nouws 《Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition》1986,7(3):239-252
Hydroxylation is the predominant pathway of metabolism for sulfatroxazole in the body, accounting for 70 per cent of the dose. Fifteen per cent of the dose is acetylated unimodally and 10 per cent is excreted unchanged. The half-lives of sulfatroxazole and its metabolites 5-hydroxysulfatroxazole and N4-acetylsulfatroxazole are approximately 22 h after administration of sulfatroxazole. N4-acetylsulfatroxazole, taken as parent drug, is eliminated by renal excretion (92 per cent of the dose). The initial elimination half-life of N4-acetylsulfatroxazole is 4.5 h, which later increases to 70 h as the result of the acetylation-deacetylation equilibrium. Probenecid inhibits the renal excretion of the metabolites 5-hydroxy- and N4-acetylsulfatroxazole. Inhibition of the N4-acetyl metabolite favours the deacetylation, which results in an increase of the T 1/2 of sulfatroxazole from 20 to 30 h. The protein binding value of sulfatroxazole is 84 per cent, that of N4-acetylsulfatroxazole is 37 per cent. Sulfatroxazole is excreted renally by passive processes, while the metabolites are excreted by both passive and active processes. 相似文献
52.
随着生物医用材料研制和医学的迅速发展,以及生活水平、医疗保健、康复水平的提高,人们对自身组织、器官及骨骼缺损的修复和置换方面的要求日益提高,尤其对人造骨骼和人工关节的需求越来越广泛。由于计算机断层成像技术CT(computed tomography)已经成为显示和研究人体内部结构非常有用的手段,将计算机辅助设计技术CAD(Computer aided design)和计算机辅助工程CAE(Computer aided Engineering)等相关技术应用于人造骨骼和内置假体的设计,不仅可以提高产品的设计质量,同时,结合CT和计算机三维重建方法, 相似文献
53.
G.E. ORLANDINI S. ZECCHI ORLANDINI A.F. HOLSTEIN R. EVANGELISTI and R. PONCHIETTI 《Andrologia》1987,19(3):315-321
The human prostatic urethra has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. On the posterior wall of the urethra, the seminal colliculus with the orifices of the ejaculatory ducts is clearly detectable. The upper portion of the prostatic urethra shows a typical transitional epithelium with large superficial cells of a ruffled appearance. In the lower portion of the organ (underneath the openings of the ejaculatory ducts), the apical pattern of the cells varies considerably. Four main aspects are recognizable: apices provided with microvilli, dome-shaped apices with an almost smooth surface, large apices with labyrinthic microplicae and ciliated apices. Also, apices showing intermediate characteristics can be noted. The functional significance of the morphological patterns as well as the possibility of a transition among the various types of surface structures are discussed. 相似文献
54.
稳定性核素测定大鼠小肠蛋白质合成 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
目的:建立稳定性核素([L-^15N]亮氨酸)测定大鼠小肠蛋白质合成率的方法。方法:分别测定静脉注射相同剂量[L-^15N]亮氨酸不同时相的大鼠小肠^15N丰度及不同剂量[L-^15N]亮氨酸同一时相的大鼠小肠^15N丰度。结果:大鼠小肠游离氨基酸池中^15N核素丰度在注射后0.5h内呈线性上升并达高峰,维持4h后缓慢下降,小肠蛋白质中的^15N丰度0.5h至12h基本维持不变;随着注射剂量的增加,大鼠小肠蛋白质分数合成率(FSR)亦增加,当[L-^15N]亮氨酸剂量在1.0mmol/kg以上,FSR并不随施加[L15N]亮氨酸剂量的加大而增加。结论:在进行大鼠小肠蛋白质合成率测定时,一次性静脉注射的测量最佳时限为0.5h,剂量为1.0mmol/kg。 相似文献
55.
Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: III. Design aspects of case-control studies
Currently available approaches for the design of occupational case-control studies are reviewed. An accompanying paper reviews methods of analysis. We commence by drawing a distinction between cohort-based and registry-based studies. Methods for selecting cases and controls are then reviewed, including cumulative incidence and incidence density sampling, matching, sources of controls, and issues in control selection. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the case-control approach are summarized. 相似文献
56.
Min Zong Xinchun Yang Xiulan Liu Liang Shi Taifeng Liu 《岭南心血管病杂志(英文版)》2007,8(4):187-193
Objectives Recent studies have described regional differences in the electrophysiology and pharmacology of ventricular myocardium in canine, feline, rat, guinea pig, and human hearts. This has been shown to be due to a smaller IKs and a lager sodium-calcium exchange current (INa-Ca) and late INa in M region (deep subepicardial to midmyocardial). Studies from our laboratory have found a new repolarization current-nonselective cation current (NSCCs) existing in rabbit right ventricular myocytes. Methods We examined the characteristics of NSCCs in epicardial, M region, and endocardial cells isolated from the rabbit left ventricle with standard microelectrode and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. The permeability to Na , K , Li , Cs but not to Cl- indicating that it was a nonselective cation current. Gd3 (0.1 mmol/l) and La3 (0.1 mmol/l) can block the current markedly. Results Further characterization of NSCCs was significantly smaller in M cells than in epicardial and endocardial cells. NSCCs current density was significantly smaller in M cells than in epicardial and endocardial cells. With repolarization to -80 mV, INs current density was (-0.44±0.05) PA/PF in endocardial cells, (-0.12±0.05) PA/PF in M cells and (-0.28±0.07) PA/PF in epicardial cells; and with repolarization to 30 mV, INs current density was (1.09±0.29) PA/PF in endocardial cells, (0.38±0.09) PA/PF in M cells and (0.91±0.32) PA/PF in epicardial cells. Conclusions Transmural dispersion of repolarization was due to the heterogeneity of NSCCs in rabbit left ventricle epicardial, endocardial myocytes and M cells. These findings may advance our understanding of the ionic basis for our understanding of factors contributing to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. 相似文献
57.
Dr. med. Dr. med. dent. Christof Holberg Katja Schwenzer Ingrid Rudzki-Janson 《Journal of orofacial orthopedics》2005,66(2):110-121
Abstract
Background and Aim:
The prediction of soft tissue esthetics is important for achieving an optimal esthetic outcome in orthodontic treatment planning. Applicable procedures have so far been restricted to two-dimensional profile predictions that have not proven to be very reliable. The goal of this investigation was therefore to develop a novel finite element-based procedure that allows a three-dimensional, easily visualized, quantitative analysis and prediction of soft tissue behavior for the clinician. The procedure to be developed should be easy to handle and not entail any additional radiation exposure for the patient.
Material and Methods:
Using a three-dimensional scanner, the facial surfaces of 20 probands were digitalized and individual FEM models were generated.
Results:
After reduction of data redundancy via several conversion steps, a patient-specific simulation model was prepared consisting of 20,000 to 40,000 individual elements to which specific physical properties could be assigned. The average time required for generating a virtual model was 50 minutes. Problems occurring during model generation were rare (mainly shadowing phenomena and movement artifacts).
Conclusion:
The procedure outlined herein makes the reliable generation of patient-specific simulation models possible for facial soft tissue prediction in orthodontics. 相似文献
58.
59.
Zusammenfassung Kniegelenkluxationen sind seltene, aber schwer wiegende Verletzungen mit z. T. erheblichen Folgen. Begleitende Nerven- und Gefäßverletzungen sind nicht selten. Bei spontaner Reposition kann das Verletzungsausmaß initial unterschätzt werden. Die primäre Diagnostik muss die neurologische Untersuchung sowie die sichere Beurteilung des Gefäßstatus einschließen. Die Sicherung der Durchblutung des betroffenen Beins steht in der Akutphase im Vordergrund, Läsionen müssen notfallmäßig operativ versorgt werden. Bei drohendem Kompartment ist eine Faszienlogenspaltung erforderlich, die Instabilität wird temporär mittels Fixateur externe transfixiert. Bei Hochrasanztraumen sind Begleitverletzungen auszuschließen, bei sedierten und beatmeten Patienten z. B. mit Spiral-CT. Sind nur die Kreuzbänder betroffen, kann ein arthroskopisch gestützter Ersatz vorgenommen werden, Transplantate werden bevorzugt von der Gegenseite entnommen. Die im angloamerikanischen Sprachraum verwendeten Allografts haben sich in unserer Region noch nicht durchgesetzt. Bei ausgedehnten Kapselläsionen und Beteiligung der Kollateralbänder sind arthroskopische Techniken nicht indiziert, es sollte offen rekonstruiert und ggf. augmentiert werden; sekundär verbliebene Instabilitäten können gezielt dem Bandersatz zugeführt werden. 相似文献
60.
J. M. McGree J. A. Eccleston S. B. Duffull 《Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics》2009,36(2):101-123
We consider nested multiple response models which are used extensively in the area of pharmacometrics. Given the conditional
nature of such models, differences in predicted responses are a consequence of different assumptions about how the models
interact. As such, sequential versus simultaneous and First Order (FO) versus First Order Conditional Estimation (FOCE) techniques
have been explored in the literature where it was found that the sequential and FO approaches can produce biased results.
It is therefore of interest to determine any design consequences between the various methods and approximations. As optimal
design for nonlinear mixed effects models is dependent upon initial parameter estimates and an approximation to the expected
Fisher information matrix, it is necessary to incorporate any influence of nonlinearity (or parameter-effects curvature) into
our exploration. Hence, sequential versus simultaneous design with FO and FOCE considerations are compared under low, typical
and high degrees of nonlinearity. Additionally, predicted standard errors of parameters are also compared to empirical estimates
formed via a simulation/estimation study in NONMEM. Initially, design theory for nested multiple response models is developed
and approaches mentioned above are investigated by considering a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model found in the literature.
We consider design for situations where all responses are continuous and extend this methodology to the case where a response
may be a discrete random variable. In particular, for a binary response pharmacodynamic model, it is conjectured that such
responses will offer little information about all parameters and hence a sequential optimization, in the form of product design
optimality, may yield near optimal designs. 相似文献