如何正确运用χ~2检验——人-时间资料独立性检验与SAS实现

本文目的是介绍"未分层人-时间资料"和"分层人-时间资料"的独立性检验与SAS实现方法。在"人-时间资料"中,处理因素各水平组中的样本含量都以"人-年数"来表达。进而,需采用"发病密度"取代通常定性资料分析中的"发病率"。本文详细介绍"未分层人-时间资料"和"分层人-时间资料"的"发病密度"比较的具体方法,并通过两个实例,展示使用SAS软件实现计算的全过程,包括SAS程序代码、SAS输出结果、结果解释和结论陈述。     

Practical and social skills of 16–19-year-olds with Down syndrome: Independence still far away

Survival of children with Down syndrome (DS) has improved considerably, but insight into their level of daily functioning upon entering adulthood is lacking. We collected cross-sectional data from a Dutch nationwide cohort of 322 DS adolescents aged 16–19 (response 62.8%) to assess the degree to which they master various practical and social skills, using the Dutch Social competence rating scale and the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire. Up to 60% mastered some of the skills required for independent functioning, such as maintaining adequate standards of personal hygiene and preparing breakfast. Less than 10% had achieved basic skills such as basic cooking and paying in a shop. It is difficult for DS people to master all the skills necessary to live independently. Ninety percent of adolescents with DS experience significant problems in social functioning.     

Syringomyelia: A Case of Posttraumatic Syrinx in a Patient with Incomplete Quadriplegia

Abstract

Many studies report significant functional improvements in tétraplégie patients during rehabilitation. The majority of these studies, obviously, are limited by the lack of control groups. Thus, it has always been difficult to differentiate between effects of a rehabilitation program and natural muscle recovery or independent learning. In this case report, a 25 year old man with right C7 motor, left C8 motor, C6 sensory complete tetraplegia was admitted to a tertiary care rehabilitation facility 16 months after discharge from an acute care hospital. Following a comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation program, this patient’s functional status improved from near complete dependence to virtual independence in most areas of self care and mobility as scored by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), without any change in motor or sensory function. This case, in which the patient served as his own control, illustrates the effectiveness and importance of aggressive inpatient rehabilitation following spinal cord injury. (J Spinal Cord Med 1996; 19:17–19.)     

脊髓损伤早期康复的临床研究

目的 探讨早期康复对脊髓损伤患者功能恢复的影响.方法 选择经康复治疗的脊髓损伤患者88 例,按康复治疗介入的时间分为治疗组（2周内,50 例）,对照组（3个月,38 例）.康复评定采用功能独立性评定（FIM）和Bathel指数,分别于治疗前及治疗3个月后进行.康复方法根据患者的临床不同阶段采用不同的训练方法,同时配合心理治疗及其他物理因子治疗.结果 治疗后,治疗组患者的 Bathel指数评分及FIM评分较对照组均有明显提高（P〈0.01）.结论 早期康复治疗对脊髓损伤患者的功能恢复有着重要意义.     

功能独立性测量的信度与效度研究

探讨功能独立性测量在残疾评测中的信度与效度。方法：检测２９例住院康复患者中风９例，脊髓损伤１３例，外伤性脑损伤７例。     

Development of a Computerized Adaptive Testing System for Assessing 5 Functions in Patients with Stroke: A Simulation and Validation Study

Objective

The authors aimed to develop and validate the Computerized Adaptive Testing System for Assessing 5 Functions in Patients with Stroke (CAT-5F) based on the Barthel Index (BI), Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke patients (PASS), and Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) to improve the efficiency of assessment. The purposes of the CAT-5F assessment are to describe patients’ levels of impairments or disabilities in the 5 functions and to serve as an outcome measure in patients with stroke.

Use of activity schedule to promote independent performance of individuals with autism and other intellectual disabilities: a review

A literature review was conducted on the effectiveness of activity schedules. Twenty three studies that a) were peer-reviewed, b) were experimental, c) implemented activity schedule as a primary intervention, d) incorporated multiple activities, and e) aimed to teach learners to self-manage individual schedules were included in the review. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of activity schedules for promoting independence and self-management skills for a broad range of individuals with intellectual disabilities. An increase in engagement and on-task behavior was the most frequently cited outcome, followed by independent task initiation or transition and self-scheduling. Failure to include social validity measures and caregivers as interventionists were discussed. A corpus of the reviewed studies supports applications of activity schedule in school and (group) home settings.     

Midwifery students' perceived independence within the core competencies expected of the midwifery community upon graduation: an Italian study

FASAN J., ZAVARISE D., PALESE A. & MARCHESONI D. (2012) Midwifery students' perceived independence within the core competencies expected of the midwifery community upon graduation: an Italian study. International Nursing Review 59 , 208–214 Aim: The general aim of this article is to describe the independence perceived by midwifery students who are due to qualify with regard to core competencies that are considered essential by the community of professional midwives working in Italian healthcare hospitals. Methods: A multi‐method research project was undertaken. One hundred sixty‐seven midwives working in 11 regional facilities were approached with the aim of selecting the core competencies expected by graduands. In the same region, all graduands (24) educated at two universities were involved in the study aiming to discover the level of the independence (from 0 none to 10 maximum) perceived in each core competence selected by the midwives. Results: The average score obtained by graduands in the questionnaire containing 102 core competencies was 717.4 (standard deviation 130.3, median 743). The minimum score was 363 and the highest was 916. Assuming the minimum cut‐off at 612 points, five students (20.8%) had a perceived level of independence below sufficiency. Conclusion: Italian midwifery education has been reformed five times since 1940. The reduction in the length of the direct entry midwifery programme as introduced in the latest Italian national reform, and the higher standard of education requested also by European Directives, cause an increasing number of students to prefer to extend their course duration and postpone graduation until they feel independent. Any change in curriculum should consider the impact in the short, medium and long terms. For this reason, each new policy should consider carefully the point of view of experts in the disciplines, such as midwifery, with the objective of protecting and developing their competence in taking care of women, newborns and their families.