浙江省2011年新型毒品使用者艾滋病、梅毒和丙型肝炎感染状况及其危险行为特征分析

目的 了解浙江省新型毒品使用者艾滋病、梅毒和丙型肝炎(丙肝)感染水平、相关行为特征以及相互关系。方法 2011年在浙江省6个城市对戒毒人员进行匿名问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口学、使用毒品种类、性行为、接受干预情况,并采集血液进行艾滋病、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测。利用SPSS 15.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果 共调查3 253人,其中新型毒品使用者1 298人,占39.9%,北部和中部地区、女性、≤25岁年龄组、浙江省户籍和有商业性性行为的吸毒者中使用新型毒品的比例较高。1 298例新型毒品使用者中,使用冰毒者占91.2%,HIV抗体阳性率为0.1%(95%CI:0.0%～0.2%),梅毒抗体阳性率为8.1%(95%CI:6.6%～9.6%),丙肝抗体阳性率为17.3%(95%CI:15.2%～19.4%);艾滋病知识知晓率为12.7%,有注射吸毒史者占9.2%,最近一年有商业性性行为者占29.6%。曾接受安全套发放和咨询的比例为33.4%,曾接受艾滋病检测的比例为14.0%。多因素分析表明,来自中部和南部地区的新型毒品使用者的梅毒感染、丙肝感染和有注射吸毒行为比例高于来自北部地区者;女性是梅毒感染的相关因素;曾注射吸毒和最近一年有商业性性行为与丙肝感染相互关联;曾注射吸毒行为与最近一年商业性性行为相互关联。男性、浙江省户籍及未接受过安全套发放和咨询者更有可能发生商业性性行为。结论 新型毒品使用者梅毒和丙肝感染水平高,不安全行为发生率高,接受干预服务比例低,提示需要提高对该人群的艾滋病、梅毒和丙肝感染风险的认识,设计制定针对该人群的有效干预措施,扩大干预覆盖率。     

广东省大学生性知识、性观念、性行为现状及性别差异

目的：分析广东省大学生性知识、性观念、性行为的现状及其性别特征,为加强大学生性教育提供依据。方法采用自编问卷对广东省整群抽样的12所高校928名大学生进行调查。结果性知识：大学生性知识知晓率低,问题回答平均正确率仅为37．34％;性观念：对于性是人的基本需求、有爱就可以有性、性幻想性梦、自慰行为、婚前性行为这些思想与行为方面,大学生的总体认同度为67．35％、35．24％、56．90％、52．26％、58．04％;男女生接受程度差异均达显著水平（χ2＝7．89、48．46、189．30、32．44、27．35,P ＜0．01）;性行为：大学生异性性行为与同性性行为发生率分别为8．08％与1．51％,男生异性性行为发生率远高于女生（χ2＝52．08,P ＜0．01）,同性性行为间性别差异无统计学意义（χ2＝4．82,P ＞0．05）;避孕套使用率低,经常使用的人仅占29．03％,女生的使用率显著低于男生（χ2＝12．08,P ＜0．01）。结论大学生在性行为、性观念、性知识方面存在很多问题,需要进一步的加强和引导,并重视性别差异。     

Effects of an education program on toileting behaviors and bladder symptoms in overactive bladder patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundOveractive bladder is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes than in those without diabetes. Many patients with diabetes adopt unhealthy toileting behaviors to empty their bladder that may contribute to the onset or worsening of overactive bladder.ObjectiveTo investigate whether an education program targeting toileting behaviors is effective for helping overactive bladder patients with type 2 diabetes in terms of adopting healthy toileting behaviors, improving bladder symptoms, and enhancing quality of life.DesignThe study was a parallel, pragmatic, open-label randomized trial.SettingsThe trial was conducted in a hospital-based endocrinology outpatient department in Jinan, China.ParticipantsA total of 104 patients were randomly assigned to a 6-week education program or a control group.MethodsPrimary outcomes included toileting behaviors and bladder symptoms, including dry/wet overactive bladder and severity of urgency. Secondary outcomes were overactive bladder-specific and general quality of life. The patients were reassessed on the outcome variables at the end of the intervention and at 3 months and 6 months following the intervention. The analysis followed the intent-to-treat principle. To account for the longitudinal data with repeated measures, group comparisons for continuous outcomes were evaluated using linear mixed models. Group differences in binary outcomes were examined using mixed-effects logit models.ResultsCompared with the control group, the education program group showed significant changes in three unhealthy toileting behaviors: premature voiding (−0.7, p < 0.001), place preference for voiding (−0.5, p = 0.007), and delayed voiding (−0.2, p = 0.011). The program significantly relieved the bladder symptoms (−2.2, p < 0.001) and decreased the probability of having wet overactive bladder (−0.3, p < 0.001) and the severity of urgency (−0.4, p < 0.001). It also significantly improved the overactive bladder-specific quality of life by 10.8 points (p = 0.001). Regarding patients’ general quality of life, the physical aspect was enhanced by 3.0 points (p = 0.049); however, no effect on the mental well-being aspect was observed.ConclusionsAmong overactive bladder patients with type 2 diabetes, the 6-week education program targeting toileting behaviors resulted in the adoption of healthy toileting behaviors, relief of bladder symptoms and improvement in quality of life in the 6 months following the intervention compared with routine care alone. The education program was highly successful and may represent an effective, acceptable, feasible, and safe intervention for improving bladder health and quality of life during diabetes care, given that the toileting behavioral changes were maintained during the 6-month follow-up period.     

泛在知识环境下用户认知对信息检索行为的影响

泛在知识环境给用户认知和信息检索带来巨大挑战,分析了人格特质、认知风格、认知能力、知识结构、归因方式等认知因素对用户检索行为的影响,指出了泛在知识环境刺激下,不同认知影响着检索实施、结果评判和吸收倾向,进而影响用户满意度和持续使用倾向。从信息检索教育、信息服务、信息用户角度建议应该利用认知优势及检索技能制定有效检索策略,在知识同化中完善个人知识体系。