乙肝肝硬化并发皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤伴噬血细胞综合征的治疗分析

目的 探讨乙肝肝硬化并发皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤(SPTCL)伴噬血细胞综合征(HPS)的临床特征和治疗方法。 方法 回顾性分析2014年8月第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院1例乙肝肝硬化并发SPTCL伴HPS病例的临床资料。 结果 T细胞受体(TCR)表型不同则该病的侵袭性、治疗反应性及预后明显不同,伴HPS者治疗效果不佳,生存期短。 结论 乙肝肝硬化并发SPTCL伴HPS罕见,早期骨髓形态学、病理学、免疫组化及基因重排检测对确诊有重要意义,及早有效控制乙肝病毒尤为重要。早期诊断及治疗对延长患者生存期有重要意义。     

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Epstein–Barr virus: a complex relationship with diverse origins,expression and outcomes

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus with rare but severe potential for lymphoproliferative complications. EBV is associated with a variety of presentations of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HLH is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome that can occur in patients with genetic defects associated with dysregulation of the immune response (familial HLH) or arise in patients with underlying infection or malignancy (non-familial or secondary HLH). EBV can both serve as the incidental trigger of familial HLH or as the driving factor in patients with selective inherited vulnerability (e.g. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease). Alternatively, acute infection can idiosyncratically cause non-neoplastic HLH in patients without inherited predisposition (i.e. secondary HLH), while EBV-associated T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas can cause neoplasia-associated HLH. The present review will discern between EBV-associated familial and non-familial HLH and highlight diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Non-familial EBV-associated HLH is a major diagnostic dilemma, as it represents a diverse spectrum of disease ranging from highly curable (non-neoplastic EBV-HLH) to indolent but incurable (chronic active EBV) to acutely fatal (systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma of childhood). Increased clinical awareness and understanding of this rare and potentially devastating subset of EBV-related complications is desperately needed to improve survival for patients with neoplasia-associated HLH.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following dengue hemorrhagic fever in Hb H/Hb Constant Spring patient

Infection‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome (IAHS), a secondary form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), has been found following several types of infections and can be fatal. We report herein a case of IAHS following dengue infection in a 14‐year‐old patient with underlying α‐thalassemia syndrome (non‐deletional Hb H/Hb Constant Spring disease). He developed prolonged fever, thrombocytopenia, and progressive splenomegaly. Further investigations indicated hyperferritinemia, and increased reactive histiocytes with hemophagocytic activity in the bone marrow. He responded promptly to dexamethasone and i.v. immune globulin. Physicians should be aware of this condition, especially in countries where both dengue hemorrhagic fever and thalassemia are prevalent. The fatal outcome of IAHS can be prevented with prompt appropriate treatment.     

Spontaneous improvement in a pediatric patient with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma

Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) is rare in children, and it has a poor prognosis compared with other types of lymphoma. We report the case of a 7‐year‐old boy with spontaneous improvement of PTCL complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome as the initial symptom. He complained of pain and swelling of the right neck and presented with high fever. Pancytopenia, liver dysfunction, elevated ferritin and soluble interleukin 2 receptor were noted on laboratory tests. Peripheral blood plasma and white blood cells were positive for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) genome but, after several days, the fever abated and laboratory data improved. On histopathology of lymph node biopsy, he was diagnosed as having PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS) with EBV infection. He received no chemotherapy and was disease free at the last follow up, 6 years 8 months after onset. This is probably the first case of spontaneous improvement in PTCL‐NOS. Careful treatment planning is therefore necessary in PTCL‐NOS, given the possibility of spontaneous improvement of symptoms.     

Perforin defects of primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Japan

The perforin gene was analysed in 15 Japanese patients with primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Perforin gene defects were found in two out of eight patients with familial HLH (FHL), and one out of seven without affected siblings. Four novel mutations were identified. Compound heterozygous mutations (one FHL and one sporadic HLH) and only one allele mutation (one FHL) were defined. Flow cytometry revealed no perforin expression in CD8+ or CD56+ cells from a surviving patient with a mutation. The frequency of mutation was at least 20% of FHL in Japan. Flow cytometry for intracellular perforin may be useful for the screening of FHL2.     

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, interferon-gamma-naemia and Epstein-Barr virus involvement

Summary. To clarify the correlation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) involvement and hypercytokinaemia in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), we analysed serum interferon-gamma levels and EBV-DNA in biological specimens obtained from 25 HLH cases (23 children and two adults). We found that HLH patients showed a wide range of serum IFN-gamma levels from 0.2 to 1300 U/ml, with a median 126U/ml for EBV-DNA-positive (n = 9) and 4.5 U/ml for EBV-DNA-negative (n = 16) groups. The latter group could be classified further into a group with hyper-IFN-gamma-naemia (> 4.5 U/ml) (n = 8) and a group without hyper-IFN-gamma-naemia (n = 8). The survival of the hyper-IFN-gamma-naemic cases was significantly poorer than non-hyper-IFN-gamma-naemic cases. We conclude that EBV is probably involved in one third of the HLH cases, all of whom show hyper-IFN-gamma-naemia, and in the half of the HLH cases with hyper-IFN-gamma-naemia who have a rapidly fatal outcome.     

儿童脓毒症与噬血细胞综合征的临床异同关系

儿童脓毒症是严重感染所致的宿主免疫反应失调,噬血细胞综合征(HLH)是自然杀伤细胞/细胞毒性T细胞过度激活导致的过度免疫活化综合征,两种疾病都可导致危及生命的多器官功能障碍,临床特征既有相似又存在差异,且脓毒症可能进展为HLH,HLH也可继发脓毒症。本文就脓毒症和HLH的临床异同关系进行综述,为临床医生提供更深入的认识。     

继发性噬血细胞综合征的18F-FDG PET/CT特征及临床征象分析

目的:探讨继发性噬血细胞综合征(HPS)的¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT特征及其与临床的相关性。方法:回顾性分析37例经临床诊断的继发性HPS患者的¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查图像资料及临床资料,计算PET参数(脾脏、骨髓SUVmax值以及脾脏/纵隔、骨髓/纵隔、脾脏/肝脏、骨髓/肝脏的SUVmax比值)与各实验室参数(血红蛋白、中性粒细胞绝对值和血小板计数、甘油三酯、纤维蛋白原、乳酸脱氢酶、谷丙转氨酶、C-反应蛋白、血清铁蛋白)的相关性。按照继发于肿瘤与非继发于肿瘤(感染、风湿免疫类疾病),所有患者分为两组,计算PET/CT对于肿瘤相关性HPS的诊断敏感度、特异度及符合率,分别计算各组内PET参数与实验室参数的相关性。同时采用成组资料t检验比较两组患者的PET参数与实验室参数的差异。结果:所有患者的相关性分析结果显示,中性粒细胞绝对值及C-反应蛋白与脾脏SUVmax呈正相关(r=0.332、0.351,P<0.05),红细胞值与骨髓SUVmax呈负相关(r=-0.349,P<0.05),中性粒细胞绝对值还与脾脏/纵隔的SUVmax比值呈正相关(r=0.448,P<0.05),另外红细胞及血红蛋白值与骨髓/肝脏的SUVmax比值呈负相关(r=-0.556、-0.438,P<0.05)。PET/CT对于肿瘤相关性HPS的诊断敏感度为90.00%,特异度为61.54%,符合率为78.79%。继发于恶性肿瘤的HPS患者,中性粒细胞绝对值分别与脾脏SUVmax及脾脏/肝脏SUVmax比值呈正相关(r=0.511、0.462,P<0.05),C-反应蛋白分别与脾脏SUVmax及脾脏/纵隔SUVmax比值呈正相关(r=0.548、0.618,P<0.05),两组患者的红细胞与骨髓/肝脏SUVmax比值均呈负相关(r=-0.514、-0.670,P<0.050),两组患者的淋巴结SUVmax、骨髓/纵隔的SUVmax比值差异具有统计学意义(t=2.683、2.306,P<0.05)。结论:¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT对于继发性HPS的诊断及原发病因的鉴别、判断病情严重程度具有一定临床价值。