在小学高年级学生中开展血防知识渗透法教育的研究

目的 探讨在小学生中开展血吸虫病防治健康教育的新方法，提高其血防知识知晓率、行为正确率，以便控制血吸虫病流行。方法 选择如皋师范学院附小的951名小学生（及家长910名）作为实行渗透教育法实验组，选择条件相当的如皋陆桥和丰乐小学学生作为一般宣传和上课法对照组，研究结束后以基线调查结果为依据，评估研究效果，并作统计分析。结果 实验结果表明渗透法组学生的血防知识晓率和行为正确率干预前的3．1％和55．1％加学生负担，易为学生和教育部门接受具有很强的可操作性和推广价值。     

Neutrophil Bactericidal Function in Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence for Association with Blood Glucose Control

Neutrophil bactericidal activity was assessed in patients with type 1 (n=45) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=68) and non-diabetic control subjects (n=40) by measurement of whole blood chemiluminescence. Though chemiluminescence values tended to be highest in the non-diabetic subjects these differences were not statistically significant (mean ± SD) (2.73 ± 1.65 mV (controls), 2.33 ± 1.41 mV (Type 1 diabetes) and 2.38 ± 1.12 mV (Type 2 diabetes), F=1.12, p=0.33). Significant negative correlations were evident, however, in patients with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes between chemiluminescence and glycated haemoglobin (r_s=-0.35, p=0.005 (Type 1), r_s=-0.45, p=0.002 (Type 2), fructosamine (r_s=-0.36, p=0.003 (Type 1), r_s=-0.42, p=0.004 (Type 2)), and random blood glucose (r_s=-0.25, p=0.04 (Type 1), r_s=-0.48, p=0.001 (Type 2)). Changes in whole blood chemiluminescence in a further group of 10 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus commenced on insulin therapy were followed for 21 days. Serum fructosamine concentrations fell significantly over this time (524 ± 58 μmol l^?1 to 405 ± 47 μmol l^?1, p<0.001), however, although chemiluminescence values tended to rise these changes were not statistically significant (1.01 ± 0.38 mV to 1.60 ± 0.91 mV, S=4.24, df=5, p=0.52). These results suggest that impaired neutrophil bactericidal function is associated with poor blood glucose control. While it is likely that neutrophil bactericidal function will improve as blood glucose control improves, further studies are required both to confirm this and to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of clinical bacterial infection.     

参加澳大利亚细菌检验室间质控10年总结

为了全面提高细菌学水平，１９８５～１９９４年参加了澳大利亚微生物学会主持的国际性质量控制工作中的细菌学质控。采用细菌室常规鉴定及纸片扩散法药敏试验对８０套标本进行了包括细菌学鉴定、药敏试验，各种基本技术的检查。共鉴定出常见菌３０属、５４种细菌，正确率９５％；难以鉴定菌２０属、３３种，正确率８７％；药敏试验考核１１４４次，正确率９７％；各种基本技术的检查，正确率９５％。同时从检测技术各环节总结了进行室间质控的经验教训，对提高常规工作水平、临床病原学诊断及抗生素选用有很大的促进作用。成绩显著。     

Multi-joint limbs permit a flexible response to unpredictable events

The human arm is kinematically redundant, which may allow flexibility in the execution of reaching movements. We have compared reaching movements with and without kinematic redundancy to unpredictable double-step targets. Subjects sat in front of a digitising tablet and were able to view an arc of four targets reflected in the mirror as virtual images in the plane of the tablet. They were instructed to move, from a central starting point, in as straight a line as possible to a target. In one-third of trials, the target light switched to one of its neighbours during the movement. Subjects made 60 movements using shoulder, elbow and wrist and then another 60 movements in which only shoulder and elbow movement were allowed. By restraining the wrist, the limb was made non-redundant. The path length was calculated for each movement. In single-step trials, there was no significant difference between path lengths performed with and without wrist restraint. As expected there was a significant increase in path length during double-step trials. Moreover this increase was significantly greater when the wrist was restrained. The variability across both single- and double-step movements was significantly less while the wrist was restrained. Importantly the performance time of the movements did not alter significantly for single-step, double-step or restrained movements. These results suggest that the nervous system exploits the intrinsic redundancy of the limb when controlling voluntary movements and is therefore more effective at reprogramming movements to double-step targets. Received: 24 March 1997 / Accepted: 7 July 1997     

THE EFFECT OF HYPERTENSIVE EPISODES AND CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY ON THE CANINE CARDIAC BAROREFLEX

1. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy has been implicated in the reduction of baroreflex sensitivity present in hypertension. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mean arterial pressure-heart rate reflex (MAP-HR) in a model which induced left ventricular hypertrophy but no sustained blood pressure elevation. 2. Five mongrel dogs were exposed to transient blood pressure elevation of between 20 and 30 mmHg, through hindlimb compression using a pneumatic pressure suit, for 7 h per day, 6 days per week for 6 weeks. Resting blood pressure was not altered by the 6 week hindlimb compression intervention. 3. Echocardiographically determined LV mass (mean ± s.e.m.) was 116.0 ± 7.4 g prior to hindlimb compression (baseline) and elevated to 125.4 ± 8.1 g (P= 0.003) after 6 weeks of compression. A reduction in the early (E) to late (A) transmitral diastolic flow ratio (E/A) from 1.80 ± 0.06 at baseline to 1.54 ± 0.09 (P = 0.037) after the 6 week intervention suggested that cardiac compliance was reduced. 4. The maximum gain of the MAP-HR reflex, studied using the ‘steady-state’ drug technique, when blood pressure was normal, showed a trend for reduction from 3.85 ± 0.43 beats/min per mmHg at baseline to 3.10 ± 0.45 beats/min per mmHg (P= 0.067) after 6 weeks of compression. This gain reduction became significant after β-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol (3.13 ± 0.55 vs 2.32 ± 0.25 beats/min per mmHg; P= 0.039). Covariant analysis showed a significant inverse correlation between LV mass and maximum gain (r= 0.96; P<0.001) during the 6 week compression period. 5. The MAP-HR reflex changes in this model mimic those present in hypertension and implicate cardiac hypertrophy as one possible mediator.     

Pharmacological characterization of performance on a concurrent lever pressing/feeding choice procedure: effects of dopamine antagonist,cholinomimetic, sedative and stimulant drugs

This experiment was undertaken to provide a pharmacological characterization of performance on a task involving food-related instrumental and consummatory behavior. Rats were tested in an operant chamber in which there was a choice between pressing a lever to receive a preferred food (Bioserve pellets) or approaching and consuming a less-preferred food (Lab Chow). The lever pressing schedule was a fixed ratio 5 (FR5). Rats usually pressed the lever at high rates to obtain the preferred food, and typically ate little of the lab chow even though it was freely available in the chamber concurrently with the lever pressing schedule. Previous work has shown that injection of dopamine (DA) antagonists, or depletion of DA in the nucleus accumbens, caused a substantial shift in behavior such that lever pressing was reduced but chow consumption increased. In the present study it was shown that the DA antagonist haloperidol decreased lever pressing and increased chow consumption at doses of 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg. The D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg) and the non-selective DA antagonistcis-flupenthixol (0.3 and 0.45 mg/kg) decreased lever pressing and produced substantial increases in chow consumption. The D2 antagonist sulpiride decreased lever pressing, but produced only slight increases in chow intake at the highest dose. Pentobarbital reduced lever pressing and increased chow consumption at 10.0 mg/kg. The muscarinic agonist pilocarpine produced dose-related decreases in lever pressing, but failed to increase chow consumption. Amphetamine produced dose-related decreases in both lever pressing and chow consumption. These results indicate that low/moderate doses of the DA antagonists haloperidol,cis-flupenthixol and SCH 23390 can suppress lever pressing in doses that leave the animal directed towards food acquisition and consumption.     

Preventing accidental injury to young children in the home using volunteers

Accidental injury in the home is a major cause of death andill-health among young children. Reducing home safety hazardsby the use of safety devices such as stair barriers and safetytaps has the potential to prevent home injuries. Little is knownabout levels of home safety hazards or how to encourage parentsto reduce hazards. The Safe Place Project examined parents'knowledge of home safety and the prevalence of safety hazardsin homes where there were young children. The study also evaluatedthe effectiveness of a low-cost strategy aimed at reducing homesafety hazards. The strategy used trained volunteers to providehome safety checks and tailored safety education in conjunctionwith increasing the availability of home safety devices. Onehundred and six families with young children participated inthe project. Some homes contained many hazards, with 43% ofthe sample having more than 10 home safety hazards. At follow-up,the intervention group showed a significant reduction in homehazards and a trend towards an increase in knowledge of homesafety.     

A decomposition approach to suboptimal control of discrete-time systems

A suboptimal controller for a class of discrete-time systems is presented. The controller is derived by first solving ‘off-line’ a simplified optimal control problem obtained by neglecting part of the system state and by considering a larger time step, then by solving ‘on-line’ at each time step an optimization problem based on the results of the previously solved ‘off-line’ problem. A simple numerical example is presented to illustrate the control scheme.     

河南省地方性高碘甲状腺肿的发现、流行特征及其干预研究

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Mixed h2 and h∞ optimal robust control design

This paper introduces a design methodology for a dynamic compensator that simultaneously minimizes the upper bound of a quadratic performance index and the H_∞-norm of a disturbance transfer function matrix of a multiple-input/multiple-output system whose model contains parameter uncertainty in the state and input matrices. The real parameter uncertainty is modelled as additional measurement outputs and as additional weights on the existing noise inputs and measurement outputs of the system. The compensator equations are derived by taking the dual of a system with parameter variation in the state and output matrices, for which the compensator equations have previously been derived, and then taking the dual of the compensator equations. An algorithm for applying this theory is given and an example is shown.